Biology 6.2.5 Flashcards
What is ‘Tissue Culture’?
Tissue Culture is a Process in which very Small Pieces of Plants Tissue are Grown (‘Cultured), Using Nutrient Media.
What does ‘In Vitro’ Mean?
In Vitro is when Organisms are Grown Outside of a Living Organism. The Growth of Plants is Always In Vitro.
What Type of Organisms Always Grow In Vitro?
Plants.
Explain the Plant Cloning Process ‘Tissue Culture’: (4)
-Tissue Sample Scraped From the Parent Plant.
-Tissue Sample Placed in a Petri Dish, in an Agar Growth Medium, Containing Nutrients & Auxins.
-Tissue Samples Develop into Tiny Plantlets.
-Plantlets Planted into Compost.
Clones are…
Genetically Identical Individuals.
The Cloning of Plants has Many Important ___ Uses.
Commercial.
What is the Advantage of Tissue Culture for Plants in Commercial Usage? (4)
-Cheap.
-Quick.
-Greater Yield.
-All Year Round.
Tissue Culture can also be an Important Process in…
Preserving Rare Plant Species.
Explain the Plant Cloning Method ‘Cutting’: (3)
-Gardeners take Cutting from Good Parent Plants (the Healthiest ones with the Most Desirable Characteristics). A Bud is Cut Off.
-These Cuttings are then Planted, & Grow into Genetically Identical Versions of the Original Plant.
-Plants Cloned by Taking Cuttings Can be Produced Cheaply & Quickly.
It is Possible to Clone Animals Using Embryo ___.
Transplants.
Explain the Process of ‘Embryo Cloning’: (6)
-Egg Cells from the Best Cow are Artificially Fertilised, Using Sperm Cells, Taken from the Best Bull.
-This Forms an Embryo.
-The Developing Animal Embryo is then Split Apart Many Times, Before the Cells of the Embryo Become Specialised.
-This Forms Many Separate Embryos that are Genetically Identical.
-These Cloned Embryos are then Transplanted into Host Mothers.
-The Calves Born From these Host Mothers are all Genetically Identical.
Explain the Process of ‘Adult Cell Cloning’: (5)
-The Nucleus is Removed from an Unfertilised Egg Cell.
-The Nucleus from an Adult Body Cell, eg a Skin Cell, is Inserted into the Egg Cell.
-A very Small Electric Shock Stimulates the now Fertilised Egg Cell to Divide (by Mitosis), to Form an Embryo.
-These Embryo Cells All Contain the Same Genetic Information as the Adult Skin Cell.
-When the Embryo has Developed into a Ball of Cells, it is Inserted into the Womb of an Adult Female, known as the Surrogate Mother, to Continue its Development as Normal, Until Birth.
What was the First Ever Example of Identically Cloning an Animal?
Dolly the Sheep, 1996.
What are the Benefits of Cloning? (3)
-Cloning Could be Used to Preserve Endangered Plant / Animal Species.
-Cloning Can be Used to Mass-Produce Plants efficiently for Commercial Use, all Year Round.
-Cloning Allows Farmers to Ensure Consistently High Quality Livestock.
What are the Risks of Cloning? (3)
-Cloning Can Result in a Reduced Gene Pool. This Leads to Negatives eg Reduced Disease Immunity.
-There is Some Evidence that Cloned Animals May Not be as Healthy as Regular Animals.
-Some People Worry that Humans Might be Cloned in the Future. Very Unethical.
