Biology 1.1- Carbohydrates Flashcards
What is the structure of monosaccharides ?
They are simple sugars in which there is one oxygen atom and two hydrogen atoms for each carbon atom present in a molecule
How are disaccharides formed?
They are made up of 2 monosaccharides joined together
What type of reaction do monosaccharides go under to form disaccharides
Condensation Reaction
What is the general formula for monosaccharides
(CH20)x
What is the formula for triose sugars
C3H6O3
What is the formula for penotse sugars?
C5H10-05
What is the formula for hexose sugars?
C6H1206
What type of structure does hexose sugars have
Ring structures
What are isomers
Isomers are molecules of the same formula but having a different arrangement of their atoms
What is a glycosidc bond?
the link between 2 monosaccharides
What type of bond is glycosidic?
Covalent Bond
Describe how a glycosidic bond is formed between 2 monosaccharides to form a disaccharides
Two monosaccharides join in a condensation reaction to from a disaccharide and molecule of water is removed
What is a disaccharide?
Is a suagr made up of two monosaccharide units joined by glycosidc bond formed in a condensation reaction
What is a polysaccharide
Is a polymer made up of long chanins of monosaccharides units joined by glycosidic bonds
What is the first benefit of polyscharrides being a strong molecule
They form very compact molecules so large number can be stored in the cell
What is the second benefit of polyscharrides being a strong molecule
the glysodic bonds are easily broken allowing rapid release of monoscoharides units for cellular respiration
What is the third benefit of polyscharrides being a strong molecule
They are not very soluble in water so have little effect on water potential within a cell and cause no osmotic water movements
What happens in a hydrolysis reaction
A water molecule is added to the bond
What type of reaction breaks down the glyosidic bonds between two monoscaharides
hydrolysis reaction
In which places in the body does hydrolsis reactions take place
gut,muscle and liver cells
What is the first step in the hydroliss reaction?
polyscahhrides are gradually broken down into shorter and shorter chains and eventually single sugars are left
What is the second step in the hydrolisis reaction
Dissacharides break down to form two monoscharides
Why does hydrolisis take place?
They break carbohydrate stores to release sugars for cellular respiration
What is amylose
An unbranched polymer made up of 200 and 5000 molecules
What is amylopeticin
a branched polymer of glcuose moleucles
What is so good about amylopeticin
The branching chains have many termnials glucose molecules that can be broken off rapidly when energy is needed
Amyleopticin and amylose are both long chain of what type of glucose molecules
weird a shape molecule
What is the structure of amylose
made up of a-glucose molecules joined together by
1,4-glysodic bond
Why does amylose have long unbranced chains
because it has 1,4-glysodic
What is the strcuture of amylopeticin
the gluocse molecules are joined together by
1-4 glysocdic bonds but their are 1-6 glysodic bonds
What is starch made up of ?
long chains of a-glucose
Why is starch important in plants?
the sugars produced by photosynthesis are rapidly converted into starch which in insoluable and compact and can be broken down rapidly to release glucose when needed
Where is glyocgen found?
Found in animals
What is glyocgen made out of ?
a glucose units
What type of bonds does glyocegn have
1-6 bond- glysodic bonds
Why does glycogen have many branches
becasue it has 1-6 glyosidc bonds
what is the result if glyocgen of having 1-6 glyosdic bonds
it can be broken down very easily
explain how the chemical structure of cellulose differs from that of starch and how this affects the way they can be used to supply energy in animals
Starch is formed from alpha glucose,
while cellulose is made of beta glucose.
The difference in the linkages leads to differences in 3-D structure and function.
Starch can be straight or branched and is used as energy storage for plants because it can form compact structures and is easily broken down
What is the cell wall made up of
insoluable cellouse
What are the benfits of cellouse
Very strong
cellouse material do not recoil or spiral
What is the diffrence between starch and cellouse chains wise
They remain in very long straight chains
Draw Alpha glucose
check the book
Draw Beta Glucose
Check the book
Draw ribose
Check the book
what is sucrose made up of
a- glucose and maltose
What is lactose made of
a - glucose and B galactose
What is maltose made up of
a glucose and a glucose
how is the structure of polysaccharides related to their function
can form compact molecules- large numbers can be stored in a cell
glycsosidc bonds can be easily broken- allowing rapid release of monosaccharides for cellular resp
not very soluble in water -little effect on water potential within a cell and cause no osmostic water movements
Draw A glucose
Look at the book
Draw B glucose
Look at the book
How does the arrangement of cellouse mircrofivrlis contribute to the physical properties of plant fibres
The net like arrangement of microfibirlis gives it tensile strength
Compare the structure of cellouse molecule with the structure of starch
Both made of glucose
bOth have 1-4 glycosidc bonds made by condesnatio nreactions
However
Starch is A glucose and cellouse if made from B glucose
Starch is compsed more than one mioelcule amylose and amylpeotpctin
Amyloptectin in starch is branched and celllouse is straight chained
