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Topic 1 Biology > 1.4- DNA and Protein Synthesis > Flashcards

1.4- DNA and Protein Synthesis Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the third component of a nucleotide

A

a phosphate group

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2
Q

What ions are present in every cytoplasm of every cell

A

Inorganic phosphate ions

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3
Q

Why is it that nucleotides acidic molecules and carry a negative

A

It is because inorganic phosphate ions are present in every cell

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4
Q

How is a nucleotide formed

A

The sugar the base and the phosphate group are joined together by a condensation reactions with the elimination of 2 water molecules

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5
Q

Why is it important nothing interferes with the break down or production of ATP

A

It can ultimately destroy the multicellular organism

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6
Q

Describe the structure of ATP

A

ATP is a nucleotide consisting of an adenine base attached to a ribose sugar, which is attached to three phosphate groups

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7
Q

What causes ATP to be useful

A

It is the potential energy in the phosphate bonds that is made available to cells for use in breaking bonds in chemical reaction

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8
Q

Why are nucleotides are imporant

A

They provide the energy currency of cells in the form of ATP

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9
Q

Why is ATP important

A

They provide the building blocks for the mechanisms of inheritance In form of DNA and RNA

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10
Q

What three parts does a nuclettide contain

A

5 carbon pentose sugar
Nitrogen- containg base
Phosphate group

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11
Q

The pentose

sugar in RNA is

A

Ribose

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12
Q

What sugar is DNA

A

deoxyribose

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13
Q

What is a purine base

A

Base found in nucleotides that have 2 nitrogen containing rings

A G

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14
Q

What is a pyrmaidine base

A

Base found in nucleotides that has one nitrogen containing rings

Cytosine, thumine, uracil

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15
Q

Does deoxyribose have less or more oxygen atom than ribose

A

One fewer OXYGEN ATOM

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16
Q

Are purines and pyrimidine structures strong or weak

A

They are weak

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17
Q

What are the most common purines

A

Adenine and guanine

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18
Q

What are the most common pyrimidines

A

Cytosine, thymine and uracil

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19
Q

What happens to the waste energy when ATP is split

A

some of the energy is always lost to the system as heat but the rest is used for any energy requiring biological activity in the cell such as building up new molecules, active transport, nerve impulses or muscle contraction

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20
Q

What is ATPASE

A

Is an enzyme that catalyses the formation and the breakdown of ATP depending on conditions

21
Q

What is a nucleic acid

A

are the inforamation molecules of the cell

22
Q

What are nucleic acids also know as

A

polynucleotides

23
Q

Why are nuclectide monomer units important

A

they carry all the infomation needed to form new cells

24
Q

Where is the genetic information stored in Eukaryotic cells

A

Chromosomes in the nucleus

25
Q

Where is the genetic information stored in prokaryotes cells

A

NUCELIOD :

Is a single length of DNA is found floating freely in the cytoplasm

26
Q

How are nucleic acids and chains of nucleotides held together

A

condensation reactions that produce phosphdiester bonds

Between the sugar on one nucleotide and the phosphate group of the next nucleotide

27
Q

Why do polynucleotides have a hydroxl group

A

Because the sugar of one nucleotide bonds to the phospahte group of the next nucleotide PN always have a hydroxl group at on end and a phospahte group at the other

28
Q

What bases form DNA?

A

A T C G

29
Q

Chains of what nucleotide make RNA

A

C G A U

30
Q

Give me the structure of DNA

A

DNA molecules consist of 2 polynucleotide strands twisted around each other the sugars and the phosphate form the backbone of the molecule and pointing inwards from the 2 sugar phosphate backbones are the bases which pair up in specific
a purine bases matches with pyramidine
the normal bases match (ATCG)
this results in the spiral

31
Q

Why are hydrogen bonds important in RNA molecules

A

it allows the RNA molecules from the polynucleotide to fold into complex shapes

32
Q

How are the 2 stands of DNA held together

A

Hydrogen bonds betweeen the compleimrnarty pairs

33
Q

Where does the hydrogen bonds form in DNA

A

Betwen the amino and carbonyl groups of the purine and pyrimadine bases on the opposite strands

34
Q

How many hydrogen bonds are their between C and G

A

3

35
Q

How many hydrogen bonds are their between A T

A

2

36
Q

How many base pairs are theri for each complete twist of the helix

A

10

37
Q

What are the 2 starnds know as

A

5 prime and the 3 prime strand name according to the number of the carbon atoms in the pentose sugar to which the phosphate group is attached on the first nucleotide of the chain

38
Q

what sugar is DNA

A

Deoxyribose

39
Q

What are the bases in DNA

A

AT CG

40
Q

What is the strucutre of DNA

A

Double Starnded helix

41
Q

What is the sugar in RNA

A

Ribose

42
Q

What are the bases in RNA

A

G C A U

43
Q

What is the structure of RNA

A

Single stranded or folded or straight

44
Q

Structure of tRNA

A

Single stranded
folded
Carries antocodons

45
Q

What is the stucture of mRNA

A

It is single stranded
not folded
Carries codons

46
Q

properties of ATP

A

Small- moves easily in and out of cells by diffusion

soluable- most active processes happen in an aqueous envionemnt

47
Q

What makes ATP useful

A

the energy in the phosphate bonds that is made available to cells for use in breaking bonds in chemical reactions

48
Q

PURINES

A

Topic 1 Biology (16 decks)

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