1.4- DNA and Protein Synthesis Flashcards
What is the third component of a nucleotide
a phosphate group
What ions are present in every cytoplasm of every cell
Inorganic phosphate ions
Why is it that nucleotides acidic molecules and carry a negative
It is because inorganic phosphate ions are present in every cell
How is a nucleotide formed
The sugar the base and the phosphate group are joined together by a condensation reactions with the elimination of 2 water molecules
Why is it important nothing interferes with the break down or production of ATP
It can ultimately destroy the multicellular organism
Describe the structure of ATP
ATP is a nucleotide consisting of an adenine base attached to a ribose sugar, which is attached to three phosphate groups
What causes ATP to be useful
It is the potential energy in the phosphate bonds that is made available to cells for use in breaking bonds in chemical reaction
Why are nucleotides are imporant
They provide the energy currency of cells in the form of ATP
Why is ATP important
They provide the building blocks for the mechanisms of inheritance In form of DNA and RNA
What three parts does a nuclettide contain
5 carbon pentose sugar
Nitrogen- containg base
Phosphate group
The pentose
sugar in RNA is
Ribose
What sugar is DNA
deoxyribose
What is a purine base
Base found in nucleotides that have 2 nitrogen containing rings
A G
What is a pyrmaidine base
Base found in nucleotides that has one nitrogen containing rings
Cytosine, thumine, uracil
Does deoxyribose have less or more oxygen atom than ribose
One fewer OXYGEN ATOM
Are purines and pyrimidine structures strong or weak
They are weak
What are the most common purines
Adenine and guanine
What are the most common pyrimidines
Cytosine, thymine and uracil
What happens to the waste energy when ATP is split
some of the energy is always lost to the system as heat but the rest is used for any energy requiring biological activity in the cell such as building up new molecules, active transport, nerve impulses or muscle contraction
What is ATPASE
Is an enzyme that catalyses the formation and the breakdown of ATP depending on conditions
What is a nucleic acid
are the inforamation molecules of the cell
What are nucleic acids also know as
polynucleotides
Why are nuclectide monomer units important
they carry all the infomation needed to form new cells
Where is the genetic information stored in Eukaryotic cells
Chromosomes in the nucleus
Where is the genetic information stored in prokaryotes cells
NUCELIOD :
Is a single length of DNA is found floating freely in the cytoplasm
How are nucleic acids and chains of nucleotides held together
condensation reactions that produce phosphdiester bonds
Between the sugar on one nucleotide and the phosphate group of the next nucleotide
Why do polynucleotides have a hydroxl group
Because the sugar of one nucleotide bonds to the phospahte group of the next nucleotide PN always have a hydroxl group at on end and a phospahte group at the other
What bases form DNA?
A T C G
Chains of what nucleotide make RNA
C G A U
Give me the structure of DNA
DNA molecules consist of 2 polynucleotide strands twisted around each other the sugars and the phosphate form the backbone of the molecule and pointing inwards from the 2 sugar phosphate backbones are the bases which pair up in specific
a purine bases matches with pyramidine
the normal bases match (ATCG)
this results in the spiral
Why are hydrogen bonds important in RNA molecules
it allows the RNA molecules from the polynucleotide to fold into complex shapes
How are the 2 stands of DNA held together
Hydrogen bonds betweeen the compleimrnarty pairs
Where does the hydrogen bonds form in DNA
Betwen the amino and carbonyl groups of the purine and pyrimadine bases on the opposite strands
How many hydrogen bonds are their between C and G
3
How many hydrogen bonds are their between A T
2
How many base pairs are theri for each complete twist of the helix
10
What are the 2 starnds know as
5 prime and the 3 prime strand name according to the number of the carbon atoms in the pentose sugar to which the phosphate group is attached on the first nucleotide of the chain
what sugar is DNA
Deoxyribose
What are the bases in DNA
AT CG
What is the strucutre of DNA
Double Starnded helix
What is the sugar in RNA
Ribose
What are the bases in RNA
G C A U
What is the structure of RNA
Single stranded or folded or straight
Structure of tRNA
Single stranded
folded
Carries antocodons
What is the stucture of mRNA
It is single stranded
not folded
Carries codons
properties of ATP
Small- moves easily in and out of cells by diffusion
soluable- most active processes happen in an aqueous envionemnt
What makes ATP useful
the energy in the phosphate bonds that is made available to cells for use in breaking bonds in chemical reactions
PURINES
