1.5- Enzymes

Question 1

How does enzymes make life possible

Answer 1

They do it by speeding up the chemical reactions in cells without changing the conditions in the cytoplasm

Question 2

How are globular proteins produced

Answer 2

produced during protein synthesis as the mRNA transcribed from the DNA molecule is translated .

Question 3

Describe the strucutre of enzymes as globular proteins

Answer 3

They have specific shape as a result of their primary, secondary, tertiary and Quaternary structures

Question 4

Explain the concept of specificity

Answer 4

Enzymes have specific structures and this means enzymes will only catalyse a specific reaction or group of reactions.

Question 5

What is anobolic reaction

Answer 5

A reaction that builds up new molecules in a cell

Question 6

What is a catobolic reactions

Answer 6

A reaction which breaks down substances in a cell

Question 7

What is a metabolic reaction or metabolic pathway

Answer 7

Is a series of linked reactions in the metabolism of a cell

Question 8

What is metabolsim

Answer 8

Is the sum of the anabolic and catabolic processes in a cell

Question 9

What are intracelluar enzymes

Answer 9

Are enzymes that catalyse reactions within the cell

Question 10

What are extracelluar enzymes

Answer 10

are ezymes that catalyse reactions outside of the cell in which they are made

Question 11

how is the initial rate of enzyme activity measured

Answer 11

is to measure the ROR with and without the enzyme

Question 12

Describe the active site

Answer 12

it is a small depression on the surface of the molecule that has a specific shape bc of the way the whole large molecule if folded

Question 13

What are the key factors that effect ezyme activity

Answer 13

specificity
the concentration
temperature
pH levels

Question 14

what is the temperature coefficient (Q10)

Answer 14

is the effect of temperature on the rate of a reaction

Question 15

What are the characteristics of enzymes

Answer 15

Speed up chemical reactions.
They are required in minute amounts.
They are highly specific in their action.

Question 16

why is the initial ROR important

Answer 16

Enzymes are sufficient catalysts that hey generally increase reaction rates by factors form 10^8 to 10^26 this why only small amount of enzymes are needed

Question 17

what are enzyme inhibtors

Answer 17

are substrances that slow down enzymes or stop them from working

Question 18

What are in reversible inhibtion

Answer 18

when an inhibitor effects an enzyme in a way that does not permanently damage it

Question 19

What are RI used fpr

Answer 19

control reaction rates within a cell

Question 20

what is competitive reversible inhibition

Answer 20

in which the inhibitor molecule is similar in shape to the substrate molecule and competes with it for the active site of the enzyme

Question 21

what is non competitive reversible inhibition

Answer 21

The inhibitor attaches itself to another part of the enzyme, changing the overall shape of the site for the normal substrate so that it does not fit as well as before

Question 22

What are regulatory enzymes

Answer 22

enzymes that have a site separate to the active site where another molecule can bind to have either an activating or inhibitory effect

Question 23

What is end product inhibition

Answer 23

an enzyme at the beginning of the pathway is inhibited by one of the end products of the reaction

Question 24

How is irreversible inhibition

even done

Answer 24

inactivates an enzyme by bonding covalently to a particular group at the active site
It changes the shape and structure of the molecule so it cannot be reversed

Question 25

What is the induced fit hypothesis?

Answer 25

when an enzyme and substrate come together their interaction causes a small shift in the enzymes structure.

The shift means that the enzyme and substrate can bind to form an enzyme substrate compelx and catalyse a reaction.

Question 26

what happens if you change the ph of an enzyme

Answer 26

interact with the charges on the enzymes AA affecting h bonding and ionic bonding so it changes the teritray structure

Question 27

What factors influence enzyme activity

Answer 27

Substrate concentration

Enzyme concentration

Question 28

What is the effect of increasing temperature on enzyme function?

Answer 28

More enzyme substrate complexes

Question 29

Explain why it is necessary to measure the initial rate of reaction when
investigating the effect of enzyme concentration on the rate of reaction

Answer 29

To ensure substrate is not a limitming factor
as the reaction prodcues the substrate conc decreases