1.5- Enzymes Flashcards
How does enzymes make life possible
They do it by speeding up the chemical reactions in cells without changing the conditions in the cytoplasm
How are globular proteins produced
produced during protein synthesis as the mRNA transcribed from the DNA molecule is translated .
Describe the strucutre of enzymes as globular proteins
They have specific shape as a result of their primary, secondary, tertiary and Quaternary structures
Explain the concept of specificity
Enzymes have specific structures and this means enzymes will only catalyse a specific reaction or group of reactions.
What is anobolic reaction
A reaction that builds up new molecules in a cell
What is a catobolic reactions
A reaction which breaks down substances in a cell
What is a metabolic reaction or metabolic pathway
Is a series of linked reactions in the metabolism of a cell
What is metabolsim
Is the sum of the anabolic and catabolic processes in a cell
What are intracelluar enzymes
Are enzymes that catalyse reactions within the cell
What are extracelluar enzymes
are ezymes that catalyse reactions outside of the cell in which they are made
how is the initial rate of enzyme activity measured
is to measure the ROR with and without the enzyme
Describe the active site
it is a small depression on the surface of the molecule that has a specific shape bc of the way the whole large molecule if folded
What are the key factors that effect ezyme activity
specificity
the concentration
temperature
pH levels
what is the temperature coefficient (Q10)
is the effect of temperature on the rate of a reaction
What are the characteristics of enzymes
Speed up chemical reactions.
They are required in minute amounts.
They are highly specific in their action.
why is the initial ROR important
Enzymes are sufficient catalysts that hey generally increase reaction rates by factors form 10^8 to 10^26 this why only small amount of enzymes are needed
what are enzyme inhibtors
are substrances that slow down enzymes or stop them from working
What are in reversible inhibtion
when an inhibitor effects an enzyme in a way that does not permanently damage it
What are RI used fpr
control reaction rates within a cell
what is competitive reversible inhibition
in which the inhibitor molecule is similar in shape to the substrate molecule and competes with it for the active site of the enzyme
what is non competitive reversible inhibition
The inhibitor attaches itself to another part of the enzyme, changing the overall shape of the site for the normal substrate so that it does not fit as well as before
What are regulatory enzymes
enzymes that have a site separate to the active site where another molecule can bind to have either an activating or inhibitory effect
What is end product inhibition
an enzyme at the beginning of the pathway is inhibited by one of the end products of the reaction
How is irreversible inhibition
even done
inactivates an enzyme by bonding covalently to a particular group at the active site
It changes the shape and structure of the molecule so it cannot be reversed
What is the induced fit hypothesis?
when an enzyme and substrate come together their interaction causes a small shift in the enzymes structure.
The shift means that the enzyme and substrate can bind to form an enzyme substrate compelx and catalyse a reaction.
what happens if you change the ph of an enzyme
interact with the charges on the enzymes AA affecting h bonding and ionic bonding so it changes the teritray structure
What factors influence enzyme activity
Substrate concentration
Enzyme concentration
What is the effect of increasing temperature on enzyme function?
More enzyme substrate complexes
Explain why it is necessary to measure the initial rate of reaction when
investigating the effect of enzyme concentration on the rate of reaction
To ensure substrate is not a limitming factor
as the reaction prodcues the substrate conc decreases
