Biological Molecules

Question 1

Acids

Answer 1

Yield hydrogen ions

Question 2

Bases

Answer 2

Accept hydrogen ions (yield hydroxide ions)

Question 3

pH

Answer 3

Concentration of Hydrogen ions in a solution

Question 4

Buffers

Answer 4

Substances that keep pH from changing

Question 5

Acid Deposition

Answer 5

Air pollutant formed when sulfur dioxide (SO2) and Nitric oxides (NOx) react with water to form acids; fall in rain, snow, and fog

Question 6

Backbone of biological molecules?

Answer 6

Carbon

Question 7

Carbohydrate

Answer 7

Sugars and starches; energy source molecules

Question 8

Monosaccharides

Answer 8

Simple sugars (glucose and fructose)

Question 9

Disaccharides

Answer 9

Two sugars (lactose)

Question 10

Polysaccharides

Answer 10

Complex sugars (starches)

Question 11

Dehydration synthesis

Answer 11

Creates by product of water from two molecules to force a major molecule to bond

Question 12

Hydrolysis

Answer 12

Forces water into a molecule to make it break into smaller molecules

Question 13

Lipids

Answer 13

Fats, oils, and waxes; insoluble in water; nonpolar

Question 14

Major uses of lipids

Answer 14

Energy
Energy storage
Insulation
Protection

Question 15

Saturated fatty acids

Answer 15

Saturated with hydrogen

Question 16

Triglycerides

Answer 16

Three fatty acids bound to glycerol; most common fat consumed

Question 17

Phospholipids

Answer 17

Hydrophilic head

Hydrophobic tail

Question 18

Proteins

Answer 18

Molecules that facilitate biological function

Question 19

Roles of proteins

Answer 19

Enzymes
Transport
Contractile functions
Structure
Protection
Communication from cell to cell

Question 20

Polymers

Answer 20

Structures made up of one or more smaller units called peptides

Question 21

Amino acids

Answer 21

Building blocks of proteins; 20 combinations

Question 22

Amino acids vary in what?

Answer 22

Their side chain (labeled R)

Question 23

Essential Amino Acids

Answer 23

Only obtained by humans from food

Question 24

Non-essential amino acids

Answer 24

Synthesized in the body

Question 25

Protein structure

Answer 25

Primary: amino acid sequence
Secondary: bending and coiling
Tertiary: 3-D folding; produces shape
Quaternary: multiple polypeptide chains

Question 26

Polypeptide

Answer 26

Chains of 10 or more amino acids

Question 27

Enzyme

Answer 27

Speed up chemical reaction; very specific (about one or two actions each)

Question 28

Nucleotide

Answer 28

Small molecules important to energy transfer in cells and storage and transmission of genetic information (ex ATP)

Question 29

DNA/RNA

Answer 29

Nucleic acids (made up of a sequence of nucleotides)

Question 30

Bases of DNA

Answer 30

Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine
Thymine

Question 31

Nucleotides in DNA are bound by?

Answer 31

Hydrogen bonds

Question 32

What nucleotides bind to each other?

Answer 32

Adenine and Thymine

Guanine and Cytosine

Question 33

Water’s unique properties

Answer 33

Great solvent
Cohesive
High heat capacity
High heat of vaporization