Biological Molecules

Question 1

Monosaccharides

Answer 1

Simple sugars contain 1 simple sugar. Building blocks of more complex sugars and starches, two of which are common in the body PENTOSE and HEXOSE.

Question 2

Pentose

Answer 2

Are 5 carbon sugars and include ribose (found in RNA) and deoxyribose (Found in DNA).

Question 3

Hexose

Answer 3

Are 6 carbon sugars and include glucose, fructose, and galactose.

Question 4

Disaccharides

Answer 4

Two unit sugar. Two monosaccharides are joined to form disaccharides. The formation of three disaccharides, which are important in the body are…

glucose + glucose = Maltrose, the enzyme used to catalyze reaction is MALTASE

glucose + fructose = Sucrose, the enzyme used to catalyze reaction is SUCRASE

glucose + galactose = Lactose, the enzyme used to catalyze reaction is LACTASE

All three are found in our diet.

Question 5

Polysaccharides (3)

Answer 5

Many sugar units. very large molecules formed from hundreds of glucose molecules linked together. Which are…
STARCH
GLYCOGEN
CELLULOSE

Question 6

Starch

Answer 6

Made by plant cells to store energy, which is then digested by animals and broken into smaller molecules.

Starch —-> Amylase (enzyme)—> maltose—> maltase—-> glucose molecules (2)

Glucose molecules are small enough to be absorbed through the epithelial cells lining the intestines.

Question 7

Glycogen

Answer 7

Made by animals to stores glucose, excess glucose is stored as glycogen in the liver and muscles. And is used later when glucose supply is short, glucose is used as an energy source by cells.

Question 8

Cellulose

Answer 8

Made by plant cells. It is a structural part of the plant cell wall.
Even though it is made of glucose molecules humans can’t digest it, but it is important in our diet as it forms the roughage or fiber which assists the movement of material through the digestive tract.

Question 9

Proteins (4)

Answer 9

In proteins, the basic units are amino acids, which are joined together by peptide bonds. less than 50= polypeptide, more than 50= protein.

when we eat proteins they are broken down by enzymes.
Proteins —> proteases (enzyme) —>peptides —-> peptidase (enzyme) —-> amino acids absorbed into the blood —->around body —->used for protein synthesis by new cells

Question 10

Structure of proteins (3)

Answer 10

The arrangement and number of amino acids determine a protein’s structure. Simple to complex structures

PRIMARY
SECONDARY
TERTIARY

Question 11

Primary

Answer 11

refers to the sequence of amino acids in the chain

Question 12

Secondary

Answer 12

The arrangement of short sections of chains. Repeating patterns in the chain of...
Alpha- helix shape
pleated sheet (B-pleated)

Question 13

Tertiary

Answer 13

The way in which chains are folded and twisted in the biologically active protein.

Question 14

Functions Of Proteins (3)

Answer 14

HORMONES
CONTRACTILE PROTEINS
ENZYMES

Question 15

Hormones

Answer 15

These are chemical messengers that help control the body.

Question 16

Contractile Proteins

Answer 16

Actin and myosin allow skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle to contract and thereby produce movement

Question 17

Enzymes (4)

Answer 17

Proteins which speed up chemical reactions in the body and cells. Biological catalyst

Question 18

Triglycerides (3)

Answer 18

Have a “backbone” consisting of a glycerol molecule to which 3 fatty acid molecules are linked.

There are many different types of fatty acids, including saturated and unsaturated.
Saturated fats contain mainly C- C bonds.
Unsaturated fats contain one or more C :: C double bonds along each fatty acid chain.

Question 19

Difference between fats and oils

Answer 19

FATS:

• Tend to be animal in origin
• Solid in room temp
• More Saturated fatty acids

OILS:

• Usually of plant/vegetable origin
• Liquid in room temp
• More Unsaturated fatty acids

Question 20

Functions of Steroids (3)

Answer 20

• Cholesterol, used by cells in the production of cell membranes. Also precursor of bile salts, Vitamin D, and steroid hormones.
• Bile salts and Vitamin D are steroids. Bile salts are needed for the absorption of dietary lipids. Vitamin D helps regulate calcium levels in the body, also needed for bone growth and repair.
• Steroids hormone include oestrogen, and testosterone