BIOL235_Chap8 Flashcards
1
Q
primary function of the appendicular skeleton
A
movement
2
Q
bones of the appendicular skeleton
A
upper + lower limbs
2 girdles that attach limbs to axial skeleton
3
Q
pectoral (shoulder girdles)
A
2
attach bones of upper limbs to axial skeleton
clavicle + scapula
4
Q
clavicle
A
anterior bone that articulates with manubrium of sternum at sternoclavicular joint
5
Q
where does the scapula articulare with the clavicle
A
the acromioclavicular joint
6
Q
where does the scapular articulate with the humerus
A
glenohumeral (shoulder) joint
7
Q
pectoral girldes do not
A
articulate with the certebral coloumn
held in position + stabilized by muscles
8
Q
clavicle
A
2
S-shaped, lies horizontally across anterior part of thorax superior to first rib
subcutaneous + easily palpable
S-shaped by medial half convex anteriorly, lateral half is concave anteriorly
clavicle is rougher + more curved in males
9
Q
scapula = shoulder blade
A
large triangular flat bone, situated in superior part of posterior thorax betw levels of 2nd + 7th ribs
10
Q
acromion
A
exapnded process
projection of lateral end of the spine of the scapula
points out from body to your right or left
high point of shoulder
11
Q
upper limb bones
A
30
humerus in arm
ulna + radius in forearm,
8 carpals in carpus of wrist, 5 metacarpals in metacarpus palm, 14 phalanges in hand
12
Q
humerus
A
arm bone
longest + largest bone in upper limb
articupates proximally with the scapula + distally with ulna + radius to form elbow
13
Q
ulna
A
on medial aspect (little finger side) of forearm
longer than radius
PU - Pinky on the Ulna side
ulna widens at proximal end + narrows at distal end
14
Q
radius
A
smaller forearm bone
lateral aspect (thumb side) of forearm
narrow at proximal end + widens at distal end
15
Q
carpus
A
wrist
16
Q
carpus/wrist
A
proximal region of the hand
= 8 small bones = 8 carpals jointed to each other by ligaments
17
Q
scaphoid carpals
A
boatlike carpals/wrist bones
proximal
18
Q
lunate
A
moon-shaped carpals/wrist bones
proximal
19
Q
triquetrum
A
three-cornered carpals
proximal
20
Q
pisiform
A
pea-shaped carpals
proximal
21
Q
proximal/further from digits carpals
A
scaphoid
lunate
triquetrum
pisiform
proximal
22
Q
distal/closer to digits carpals
A
trapezium
trapezoid
capitate
hamate
23
Q
trapezium
A
four-sided figure with no two sides parallel carpals
distal
24
Q
trapezoid
A
four-sided figure with 2 sides parallel carpals
distal
25
capitate
head-shaped carpals
distal
26
hamate
hooked carpals
distal
27
where is the wrist joint?
where the proximal carpals articulate with the distal ends of the ulna + radius
28
which carpal is the only one broken in 70% of carpal fractures?
scaphoid
29
Stop Letting Those People Touch The Corpse's Hand
Scaphoid Lunate Triquetrum Pisiform (proximal)
Trapezium Trapezoid Capitate Hamate
30
carpal tunnel
the anterior concave space formed by the pisiform + hamate _ the scaphoid + trapezium with a rooflike covering of the flexor retinaculum
long flexor tendons of digits _ thumb + meian nerve pass thru
narrowing due to inflammation can cause carpal tunnel syndrome
31
metacarpus
palm
5 metacarpals/hand bones
32
metacarpal bone has
proximal base
intermediate shaft
distal head
bases articulate with distal row of carpal bones to form carpometacarpal joints
heads articulate with proximal ends of phalanges to form metacarpophalangeal joints
heads = knuckles
33
phalanges
digit bones 14
each phalanx has
a proximal base, an intermediate shaft + distal head
34
all digits have a proximal, middle, and distal phalanges except the pollex/thumb that has
2: proximal and distal
35
joints betw phalanges
interphalangeal joints
36
pelvic (hip girdle) constsist of
2 hips bones
37
other names for hip bones
coxal
pelvic bones
os coxa
38
hip bones unite anteriorly at what joint?
pubic symphysis
39
bony pelvis is a deep basinlike structure composed of
hip bones, pubic symphysis, sacrum, + coccyx
40
what does the bony pelvis do functionally?
provides strong + stable support for vertebral column + pelvic + lower abdominal organs
connects bones of lower limbs to axial skeleton
41
3 bones that a newborn's hip bones are composed of
superior ilium
inferior + anterior pubis
inferior + posterior ischium
separated by cartilage
fuse by age 23
42
ilium
largest of 3 componnents of hip bone
body = one of components of femur socket
bruising of anterior superior iliac spine associated with soft tissues = hip pointer
the broad flank part
the superior portion of the hip bone
gluteal muscles attach to ilium
43
ischium
inferior posterior portion of hip bone
prominent ischial spine, lesser sciatic notch below psine, rought + thickened ischial tuberosity - just deep to skin, so starts hurting if sit on it too long on hard surface
second largest part of hip bone
surrounds obturator forament largest forament in body + surrounds with pubis
44
pubis
pubic bone
anterior + inferior part of hip bone
smallest part of hip bone
pectineal line
pubic symphysis
acetabulum
45
pectineal line
raised line which extends superiorly + laterally along superior ramus to merge with arcuate line of ilium
important for distinguishing superior/false from inferior true portions of bony pelvis
46
pubic symphysis
joint betw the 2 pubes of hip bones
inferiro rami converge to form pubic arch
increased flexibiliyt during baby delivery due to hormone relaxin
also changes mother's gait
47
acetabulum
deep fossa formed by ilium, ischium + pubis
socket for rounded head of femur
with femoral head form hip joint
48
pelvic brim
boundary that divides the bony pelvis into superior and inferior portions
forms inlet into pelvic cavity from abdomen
49
pelvic brim landmarks
sacral promontory of sacrum
arcuate lines of ilium
pectineal lines of pubis
pubic crest
pubic symphysis
its an oblique plane
50
false (greater pelvis)
portion of bony pelvis superior to pelvic brim
bordered by lumbar vertebrae psosteriorly and upper portions of hip bones laterally and abdominal wall anteriroly
part of lower abdomen, contains superior portion of urinary bladder and lower intestines in both genders, and uterus, ovaries, uterine tubes of females
51
true (lesser) pelvis
portion of bony pelvis inferior to pelvic brim
has an inlet + outlet + cavity
bound by sacrum + coccyx posteriorly, inferior portions of ilium + ischium laterally, + pubic bones anteriorly
true pelvis surrounds pelvic cavity
contains rectum, urinary bladder in both genders, vagina + cervix of uterus in females + prostate in males
52
pelvic inlet
superior opening of true pelvis (lesser pelvis) bordered by pelvic brim
53
pelvic outlet
inferior opening of true pelvis
covered by muscle at floor of pelvis
pelvic axis curves thru true pelvisfrom central point of pelvis inlet to central point of pelvic outlet
pelvis axis = route baby's head descends thru pelvis
54
differences betw female + male pelves
males = larger + heavier bones + larger surface markings
narrow + heart-shaped pelvic inlet
pubic arch less than 90 degrees
female pelvis = wider + shallower + more space in true pelvis + bigger pelvic inlet + outlet for infant head
pubic arch greater than 90 degrees
most differences are for requirements of pregnancy + childbirth
55
bones of lower limbs
30/lower limb
femur in thigh, patella/kneecap, tibia + fibular in leg + 7 tarsals in tarsus of ankle, 5 metatarsals in metatarsus of foot, 14 phalanges in toes
56
femur
thigh bone
longest, heaviest + strongest bone in body
proximally articulates with acetabulum in hip bone
distally articulates with tibia + patella
57
broken hip most often associated with fracture in
neck of femur than in hip fracture
58
greater trochanter + less er trochanter
projections from junction of neck + shaft of femur that serve as points of attachment for tendons of some thigh + buttock muscles
59
greater trochanter
prominence felt + seen anterior to hollow on side of hip
landmark for intramuscular injections into lateral surface of thigh
60
lesser trochanter
inferior + medial to greater trochanter
61
linea aspera
vertical ridge
serves as attachment point for tendons of several thigh muscles
62
patella
kneecap
small triangular bone anterior to knee joint
sesamoid bone
functions: increases leverage of tendon of quadriceps femoris muscle, maintains position of tendon when knee is bent/flexed + protects knee joint
63
tibia
shin bone
larger medial weight-bearing bone of leg
tibia = flute
articulates proximally with femur + distally with fibula of talus bone in ankle
tibia + fibula connected by interosseous membrane like ulna + radius
64
lateral condyle + medial condyle
expanded proximal end of tibia
articulate with condyles of femur to form medial tibiofemoral knee joints
65
fibula
parallel _ lateral to tibia
smaller lateral leg bone inferior to patella joint
doesn't articulate with femur but does help stabilize ankle joint
articulates with tibia below knee joint to form proximal tibiofibular joint
articulates with tibia at fibular notch to form distal tibiofibular joint
has arrowhead-shaped projections = lateral malleolus which articulates with talus of ankle
66
lateral malleolus
arrow-head shaped projection of the distal end of the fibula that articulates with talus of ankle
forms prominence of alteral surface of ankle
67
tarsus
ankle
proximal region of foot + consists of 7 tarsla bones (talus (ankle) + calcaneus (heel) + several others
68
metatarsus
intermediate region of foot
5 metatarsal bones
numbered 1-5 from medial (big toe) to lateral (baby toe)
69
phalanges
distal component of foot
phalanx has proximal base, intermediate shaft + head
70
hallus big toe
has only 2 large heavy phalanges - proximal + distal phalanges, others have 3 (proximal + middle + distal)
71
joints betw phalanges are called
interphalangeal joints
72
2 foot arches
longitudinal arch
transverse arch
(bones of foot are arranged in 2 arches that are held in position by ligaments + tendons. enable foot to support weight of body + provide ideal distribution of body weight over soft + hard tissues of foot + provide walking leverage. not rigid, yield as weight applied + spring back as lifted. store energy for next step + help absorb shocks,
usually fully developed by 12-13
73
longitidual arch
foot arch betw ball + heel of foot
foot arch with 2 parts, both of which consist of tarsal + metatarsal bones arranged to form an arch from anterior to posterior part of foot
medial part of longitudinal arch originates at calcaneus, rises to talus + descends thru navicular + 3 coneiformes + heads ot 3 medial metatarsals.
lateral part begins at calcaneus, rises at cuboid + descends to heads of 2 lateral metatarsals. medial portion so high that medial portion of foot betw ball + heel doesn't tough ground on hard surface
74
transverse arch
foot arch found betw medial + lateral aspects of foot formed by navicular + 3 cuneiformes + bases of 5 metatarsals
75
how much body weight does the ball of the foot normally carry?
40%
76
how much body weight does the heel normally carry
60%
77
how does wearing high-heeld shoes cause pain?
when people where high-heels, the weight distribution changes so that the ball of the foot bears more weight, and this results in damage to the fat pads of the the ball of the foot and the development of joint pain + maybe even structural changes in bones
