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BIOL235 > BIOL235_Chap3 > Flashcards

BIOL235_Chap3 Flashcards

1
Q

cells

A

are the basic, living, structural, and functional units of the body

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2
Q

plasma membrane

A

forms the cell’s flexible outer surface, seperating the cell’s internal environment from its external environment

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3
Q

cytoplasm

A

consists of all cellular contents betw plasma membrane and nucleus

cytosol + organelles

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4
Q

cytosol

A

fluid portion of the cytoplasm = intracellular fluid

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5
Q

nucleus

A

large organelle that houses most of cell’s dna

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6
Q

3 main parts of a cell

A

plasma membrane
cytoplasm
nucleus

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7
Q

what does the plasma membrane do?

A

it provides a flexible yet sturdy barrier that sourrouands and contains the cytoplasm of a cell

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8
Q

fluid mosaic model

A

model of a cell that says the molecular arrangement of the plasma membrane resembes a continually moving sea of fluid lipids that contains a mosaic fo many diff proteins

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9
Q

lipid bilayer

A

the basic structural framework of the plasma membrane

2 back-to-back layers made up of 3 lipid molecules (phospholipids, cholesterol, glycolipids)

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10
Q

3 lipid molecules making up the lipid bilayer

A

phospholipids
cholesterol
glycolipids

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11
Q

phospholipids

A

lipids that contain phosphorus

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12
Q

cholesterol

A

carbohydrate important for cell shape
inside plasma membrane
steroid with an attached OH group

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13
Q

glycolipids

A

lipids with attached carbohydrate groups

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14
Q

integral proteins

A

proteins that extend into or thru the lipid bilayer and are firmly embedded in it

most are transmembrane proteins
most are also glycoproteins

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15
Q

transmembrane proteins

A

proteins that span the entire lipid bilayer and protrude into both the cytosol and extracellular fluid

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16
Q

peripheral proteins

A

proteins that are not firmly embedded in the membrane. they are attached to the polar heads of membrane lipids or to integral proteins at the inner or outer surface of the membrane

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17
Q

glycoproteins

A

proteins with carbohydrate groups attached to the ends that protrude into the extracellular fluid

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18
Q

glycocalyx

A

an extensive sugary coat formed by carbohydrate portions of glycolipids and glycoproteins

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19
Q

6 membrane’s functions

A
  1. ion channels (integral)
  2. carrier (integral)
  3. receptor (integral)
  4. enzyme (integral + peripheral)
  5. linker (integral + peripheral)
    6 cell identity marker (glycoprotein)
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20
Q

ion channels

A

pores or holes that specific ions can flow thru to get into or out of the cell
most are selective

formed by integral proteins

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21
Q

carriers

A

integral proteins that act as transporters and selectively move a polar substance or ion from one side of membrane to other

integral proteins

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22
Q

receptors

A

integral proteins that serve as cellular recognition sites where each type of recepor recognizes + binds a specific molec

integral

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23
Q

enzymes

A

integral or peripheral proteins that catalyze specific chemical reactions at the inside or outside surface of the cell

integral or peripheral

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24
Q

linkers

A

integral or peripheral proteins that anchor proteins in the plasma membranes of neighboring cells to one another or to protein filaments inside + outside the cell

integral or peripheral

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25
Q

cell-identity markers

A

membrane glycoproteins and glycolipids that enable a cell to recognize other cells of the same kind during tissue formation or recognize + respond to potentially dangerous foreign cells

glycoproteins

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26
Q

membranes are

A

fluid structures

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27
Q

selective permeability

A

a property of plasma membranes that permits some substances to pass thru it more readily than others

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28
Q

concentration gradient

A

a difference in concentration of a chemical from one place to antoher

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29
Q

electrical gradient

A

difference in electrical charges betw two regions

membrane potential

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30
Q

membrane potential

A

a name for electrical gradient bec it occurs across plasma membrane

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31
Q

electrochemical gradient

A

the combined influence of the concentration gradient + electrical gradient on movement of a particular ion

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32
Q

passive processes

A

process where a substance moves down its concentration or electrical gradient to cross membrane using its own kinetic energy

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33
Q

active process

A

process where cellular energy is used to drive the substance “uphill” against its concentration or electrical gradient

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34
Q

vesicles

A

tiny spherical membrane sacs that can help substances enter or leave cells through active process

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35
Q

diffusion

A

a passive process in whihc random mixing of particles in a solution occurs because of the particles’ kinetic enrgy
both solutes + solvent and liquid undergo diffusion

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36
Q

5 factors influencing diffusion rate

A
  1. steepness of the concentration gradient
  2. temperature
  3. mass of diffusing substance
  4. surface area
  5. diffusion distance
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37
Q

steepness of concentration gradient influence on diffusion rate

A

the greater the difference in concentration betw 2 sides of membrane, the higher the rate of diffusion

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38
Q

temperature influence on diffusion rate

A

the higher the temp, the faster the rate of diffusion

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39
Q

mass of the diffusing substance influence on diffusion rate

A

the larger the mass of the diffusing particle, the slower its diffusion rate

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40
Q

surface area influence on diffusion rate

A

the greater the distance over which diffusion must occur, the longer it takes

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41
Q

simple diffusion

A

a passive process where substances move freely thru the lipid bilayer of the plasma membranes of cells without the help of membrane transport proteins

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42
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

process where an integral membrane protein assists a specific substance across the membrane (channel or carrier)

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43
Q

channel-mediated facilitated diffusion

A

a solute moves down its concentration gradient across the lipid bilayer thru a membrane channel

mostly ion channels

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44
Q

gated channel

A

when part of the channel protein acts as a plug or gate, changing shape in one way to open the pore and in another way to close it

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45
Q

carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion

A

where a carrier moves a solute down its concentration gradient across the plasma membrane
passive process

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46
Q

transport maximum

A

number of carriers available in a plasma membrane resulting in an upper limit for how much solute can be transported in carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion

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47
Q

osmosis

A

type of diffusion where there is a net movement of solvent thru a selectively permeable membrane
water moves from lower so solute conc to higher

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48
Q

aquaporins

A

integral membrane proteins that function as water channels
play critical role in controlling water content of cells

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49
Q

hydrostatic pressure

A

pressure exerted by a liquid on the membrane that results when osmosis of water occurs such that 1 side has more water than the other

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50
Q

osmotic pressure

A

pressure that is proportional to the concentration of solute particles that cannot cross the membrane
the higher the solute conc, the higher the solutions osmotic pressure

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51
Q

tonicity

A

measure of the solutions ability to change the volume of cells by altering their water content

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52
Q

isotonic solution

A

any solution in which a cell maintains its normal shape and volume

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53
Q

hypotonic solution

A

a solution that has a lower conc of solutes that the cytosol inside the red blood cells

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54
Q

hemolysis

A

rupture of red blood cells due to water molecs entering cells faster than leaving and leading to RBC swell and burst in hypotonic solutiosn

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55
Q

hypertonic solution

A

solution that has a higher conc of solutes than cytosol inside RBC

leads to crenation

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56
Q

crenation

A

shrinkage of cells due to hypertonic solution, where water leaves cells faster than it enters

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57
Q

active transport

A

an active process because energy is required for carrier proteins to move solutes across membrane agains a conc gradient.

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58
Q

primary active transport

A

active transport where energy derived from hydrolysis of ATP changes the shape of a carrier protein which pumps a substance across a plasma membrane against its concentration gradient.

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59
Q

pumps

A

carrier proteins that mediate primary active transport

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60
Q

sodium-potassium pump

A

carrier protein that is most prevalent primary active transport mechanism and expels sodium ions from cells and brings potassium ions in

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61
Q

Na+-K+ ATPase

A

sodium-potassium pump

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62
Q

secondary active transport

A

active transport where the energy stored in a Na+ or H+ concentration gradient is used to drive other substances across the membrane against their own conc gradients

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63
Q

process of secondary active transport

A

a carrier protein simultaneously binds to Na+ and another substances and then changes its shape so that both substances cross the membrane at the same time

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64
Q

symporters

A

transporters that move 2 substances in the same direction

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65
Q

antiporters

A

transporters that move 2 substances in opposite directiosn across the membrane

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66
Q

vesicle

A

intracellular cell movement
small spherical sac
transports a variety of substances from one structure to anther within cells
also import/release materials into intracellular fluid

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67
Q

endocytosis

A

vesicle transport where materials move into a cell in a vesicle formed from the plasma membrane

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68
Q

exocytosis

A

vesicle transport where materials move out of a cell by the fusion with he plasma membrane of vesicles formed inside the cell

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69
Q

edocytosis + exocytosis both require…

A

energy supplied by ATP

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70
Q

6 steps of receptor-mediated endocytosis

A
  1. binding
  2. vesicle formation
  3. uncoating
  4. fusion with endosome
  5. recycling of receptors to plasma membrane
  6. degradation in lysosomes
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71
Q

phagocytosis = cell eating

A

a form of endocytosis where cell engulfs large solid particles (like wornout cells, bacteria, or viruses)

72
Q

phagocytes

A

body cells that can carry out phagocytosis

73
Q

pinocytosis = cell drinking

A

bulk-phase endocytosis most body cells carry out
form of endocytosis where tiny droplets of extracellular fluid are taken up

74
Q

bulk-phase endocytosis

A

where the plasma membrane folds inward and forms a vesicle containing a droplet of extracellular fluid

75
Q

3 types of endocytosis

A
  1. receptor mediated
  2. phagocytosis
  3. bulk-phase
76
Q

exocytosis

A

releases materials from a cell
all cells carry it out

77
Q

transcytosis

A

active process where vesicles undergo endocytosis on one side of a cell, move across the cell, and undergo exocytosis on the opposite side
in and out

78
Q

cytoplasm

A

cellular contents betw plasma membrane and nucleus
cytosol + organelles

79
Q

cytosol

A

intracellular fluid
55% of cell volume
site of many chem reactions for cell’s existance

80
Q

cytoskeleton

A

network of protein filaments that extends throughout the cytosol

81
Q

microfilaments

A

thinnest elements of cytoskeleton

82
Q

microvilli

A

cell extensions that inc the surface area of the cell, little fingerlike projectsion of the plasma membrane

83
Q

intermediate filaments

A

thicker than microfilaments, thinner than microtubules
help stabilize organell position and attach cells tog.

84
Q

microtubules

A

largest cytoskeleton components
long unbranched hollow tubes
help determine cell shape

85
Q

organelles

A

specialized structures within the cell that have characteristic shapes, perform specific functions

86
Q

centrosome

A

microtubule organizing center
(centrioles + pericentriolar matrix)

87
Q

centriols

A

cylindrical structures made up of 9 clusters of 3 microtubules arrange in circular pattern

88
Q

pericentriolar matrix

A

organizing centers for growth of mitotic spindle, surrounds centrioles and contains hundreds of ring-shaped complexes composed of tubulin protein

89
Q

during cell division, centrosomes…

A

replicate so that succeeding generations of cells have the capacity for cell division

90
Q

cilia

A

motile projection of the cell surface that is numerous short, hair-like projectiosn that extend from the surface of the cell

91
Q

flagella

A

motile projections of the cell surface that are longer than cilia. usually move entire cell
rapid wiggling in wave-like pattern
sperm cell’s tail

92
Q

ribosomes

A

the sites of protein synthesis
lots of RNA
located within mitochondria + synthesize mitochondrial proteins

93
Q

endoplasmic reticulum = ER

A

network of membranes in the form of flattened sacs or tubules that extends from nuclear envelop and projects throughout the cytoplasm
extensive

94
Q

Rough ER

A

ER that is continuous with the nuclear membrane and folded into series of flattened sacs
outer surface studded with ribosomes as sites for protein synthesis

produces secretory proteins, membrane proteins, + other organellar proteins

95
Q

ER

A

endoplasmic reticulum

96
Q

Smooth ER

A

extends from rough ER to form network of membrane tubules
does not have ribosomes
has unique enzymes that make it functionally more divers than rough ER

synthesizes fatty acids, steroids,

97
Q

Golgi complex

A

first step of transport pathway that
consists of 3-20 flattened membranous sacs called cisternae; strucutrally + functionally divided into entry (face, medial ceisternae, and exit face)

98
Q

cisterns

A

small, flattened membranous sacs with bulging edges
often curved, give curved shape to golgi

99
Q

medial cisterns

A

sacs betw entry + exit faces

100
Q

transfer vesicles

A

bud from the edges of cisterns and move specific enzymes back toward netry face and some partially modified proteins toward exit face

101
Q

secretory vesicles

A

store some processed proteins and deliver them to the plasma membrane

102
Q

membrane vesicles

A

deliver contents of some processed proteins to the plasma membrane for incorporation into membrane
enables golgi to add new segments to PM as old segments are lost

103
Q

lysosomes

A

membrane-enclosed vesicles that form from golgi complex
contain powerful digestive and hydrolytic enzymes that can break down lots of molecs

104
Q

autophagy

A

process by which entire worn-out organells are digested

105
Q

autolysis

A

process by which lysosomal enzymes may destroy the entire cell that contains them
pathological conditions
responsible for tissue deterioration after death

106
Q

peroxisomes = microbodies

A

groups of organelles that contains several oxidases (enzymes that than can oxidize various ogranic substances.)

107
Q

proteasomes

A

tiny barrel-shaped structure that contains proteases - protein emzymes

central core that helps with conti. destruction of unneeded, damaged or faulty proteins

108
Q

mitochondria

A

powerhouses of the cell
generate most of ATP in aerobic respiration

109
Q

a mitochondrion consists of

A

an external mitochondrial membrane + an internal mitochondrial membrane

110
Q

mitochondrial cristae

A

series of folds contained in internal mitochondrial membrane

111
Q

mitochondrial matrix

A

central fluid-filled cavity of a mitochondrion enclosed by internal mitochondrial membrane

112
Q

apoptosis

A

the orderly, genetically programmed death of a cell

113
Q

nucleus

A

spherical/oval-shaped structure that is prominent feature of cell
red blood cells have none

114
Q

nuclear envelope

A

double membrane (both lipid bilayers) that separates nucleus from cytoplasm

115
Q

nuclear pores

A

openings that extend thru the nuclear envelope

116
Q

nuceloli

A

spherical bodes inside nucleus
produce ribosomes
(basically a cluster of protein, DNA + RNA)

117
Q

genes

A

hereditary units of the cell which control cellular strucutre and direct activiites

118
Q

chromatin

A

what DNA is made of

complex of DNA (and sometimes RNA) that a long molec of DNA coiled tog with several proteins

119
Q

genome

A

total genetic information carried in a cell/organism

120
Q

nucleosome

A

each bead in the bead-on-a-strong strucutre of chromatin that consists of a double-stranded DNA wrapped twice around 8 core proteins/histones

121
Q

histones

A

core of 8 proteins which DNA are wrapped arnd in a nucleosome

122
Q

chromatin fiber

A

for cells that are not dividing, nucelosomes coil arnd it

123
Q

chromatids

A

constitutes a chromosome in during cell division

124
Q

proteome

A

all of an organism’s proteins

125
Q

gene expression

A

process where a gene’s DNA is used as a template for synthesis of a specific protein

126
Q

base triplet

A

sequence of 3 nucelotides in DNA where genetic info is stored

127
Q

codon

A

complementary sequence of 3 nucleotides which each DNA base triplet is transcribed as

128
Q

genetic code

A

set of rules that relate to the base triplet sequence of DNA to the corresponding codons of RNA and amino acids they specify

129
Q

transcription

A

where genetic info represented by the sequence of base triplets in DNA serves as template for copying info into a complemtnary sequence of codons

130
Q

3 types of RNA made from DNA template

A
  1. messenger RNA (mRNA)
  2. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
  3. Transfer RNA (tRNA)
131
Q

mRNA

A

messenger RNA
directs synthesis of a protein

132
Q

rRNA

A

ribosomal RNA
joins with ribosomal proteins to make ribosomes

133
Q

tRNA

A

transfer RNA
binds to an amino acid and holds in place un a ribosome until it is incorporated into a protein during translation

134
Q

anticodon

A

a triplet of nucelotides on the end of a tRNA that opposite to the end that carries a specific amino acid

135
Q

RNA polymerase

A

enzyme that catalyzes transcription of DNA

136
Q

promoter

A

segment of DNA where transcription begins and a special nucleotide sequence located near beginning of a gene

137
Q

terminator

A

nucleotide sequence where transcription of of the DNA strand ends

138
Q

introns

A

regiosn within a gene that do not code for parts of proteins
located betw exons

139
Q

exons

A

regions of within a gene that do code for for segments of protein

140
Q

translation

A

process where the nucleotide sequence in a mRNA molec specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein
carried out by ribosomes in the cytoplasm

141
Q

cell division

A

process by which cells reproduce themselves

142
Q

polyribosome

A

several ribosomes attached to the same mRNA

143
Q

somatic cell

A

any cell of the body other than a germ cell

144
Q

germ cell

A

a gamete (sperm or oocyte) or any precursor cell destined to become a gamete

145
Q

in somatic cell division…

A

cell undergoes mitosis and cytokinesis to produce 2 genetically identical cells, each with same # + kind of chromosomes as original

(mitosis = nuclear division)
(cytokinesis = cytoplasmic division)

146
Q

mitosis

A

nuclear division

147
Q

cytokinesis

A

cytoplasmic division

148
Q

reproductive cell division

A

mechanism that produces gametes
meiosis, where # of chromosomes is dec by half

149
Q

cell cycle

A

orderly sequence of events in which a somatic cell duplicates its contents and divides in 2

150
Q

homologous chromosomes

A

2 chromosomes that make up each pair
contain similar genes arranged in same order

151
Q

sex chromosomes

A

designated X and Y

152
Q

diploid (2n) cells

A

what somatic cells are called bec they contain 2 sets of chromosomes

153
Q

interphase

A

where the cell replicates its DNA
cell does most of its growing

154
Q

mitotic (M) phase

A

phase in the cell cycle which results in the formation of 2 identical cells, consists of nucelar divison (mitosis) and cytoplasmic division (cytokinesis) to form 2 identical cells

155
Q

mitosis

A

distribution of 2 sets of chromosomes into 2 seperate nuclei
exact partitioning of genetic information

156
Q

4 stages of mitosis

A
  1. prophase
  2. metaphase
  3. anaphase
  4. telophase
157
Q

prophase of mitosis

A

chromatin fibers condense into paired chromatids

nucleolus and nuclear envelope disappear

each centrosome moves to an opposite pole of the cell

158
Q

centromere

A

constricted region that holds the chromatid pair tog

159
Q

mitotic spindle

A

a football-shaped assembly of microtubules that attach to the kinetochore.

160
Q

metaphase of mitosis

A

centromeres of chromatid pairs line up at metaphase plate.

161
Q

Anaphase of mitosis

A

centromeres split

identical sets of chromosomes move to opposite poles of cell

162
Q

telophase of mitosis

A

nucelar envelopes and nucleoli reappear

chromosomes resume chromatin form

mitotic spindle disappears

163
Q

cytokinesis of mitosis

A

cytoplasm division

contractile ring forms cleavage furrow arnd center of cell, dividing cytoplasm into separate and equal portions

164
Q

cytokinesis

A

division of a cell’s cytoplasm + organelles into 2 identical cells

165
Q

possible destinies of a cell (3)

A
  1. remain alive + functioning without dividing
  2. grow + divide
  3. die
166
Q

necrosis

A

pathological type of cell death resulting from tissue injury

167
Q

meiosis

A

the reproductive cell division that occurs in the gonads, produces gamets in which the number of chromosomes is reduced by half

168
Q

haploid (n) cells

A

cells that contain a single set of 23 chromosomes (gametes)
fertilization restores diploid #

169
Q

meiosis I

A

homologous chromosomes undergo synapsis (pairing) and crossing over; the net result is 2 haploid cells that are genetically unlike each other and starting diploid parent cell that produced them

170
Q

meiosis II

A

2 haploid cells divide to form haploid cells

171
Q

genetic recombination

A

the formation of new combinations of genes
accounts for great genetic variation betw humands and other organisms that form gametes vis meiosis

171
Q

crossing-over

A

parts of the chromatids of 2 homologous chromosomes are exchanged with each other (Meiosis I)

172
Q

cells vary a lot in…

A

shape + size

173
Q

cell size

A

1 um = 10^-(6) m

140 um - 8 um

174
Q

cell shape

A

is related to its function

round, oval, flat, cube-shaped, column-shaped, elongated, star-shaped, cylindrical, or disc-shaped

BIOL235 (8 decks)

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