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BIOL235 > BIOL235_Chap4 > Flashcards

BIOL235_Chap4 Flashcards

1
Q

tissue

A

a group of cells that usually have a common origin in an embryo and function together to carry out specialized activities

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2
Q

4 types of tissue

A

Epithelial
Connective
Muscular
Nervous

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3
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

covers body surfaces and lines hollow organs, body cavities, and ducts. also forms glands
allows body to interact iwht internal + external environment

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4
Q

Connective tissue

A

protects + supports the body + its organs. bind organs tog, store energy reserves as fat, help provide immunity to disease-causing organisms

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5
Q

muscular tissue

A

composed of cells specializdd for contraction + generation of forc. generates heat to warm body

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6
Q

nervous tissue

A

detects changes in a variety of conditions inside + outside body. + responds by generating electical signals called nerve action potentials (nerve impulses) that activated muscular contractions + glandular secretions

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7
Q

cell junctions

A

contact points betw plasma membranes of tissue cells

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8
Q

5 cell junctions

A

tight junctions
adherens junctions
desmosomes
hemidesmosomes
gap junctions

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9
Q

tight junctions

A

weblike strands of transmembrane proteins that fuse tog the outer surfaces of adjacent plasma membranes to seal off passageways betw adjacent cells

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10
Q

adherens junctions

A

contain plaque a dense layer of proteins on the inside of the PM that attaches to the membrane proteins + microfilaments actin of the cytoskeleton

help epithelial surfaces resist separation during contractile activities

links cells - actin filaments

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11
Q

cadherins

A

transmembrane glycoproteins that join cells in adherens junctions

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12
Q

adhesion belts

A

extensive zones formed by adherens junctions

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13
Q

desmosomes

A

contain plaque and have transmembrane glycoporteins (cadherins) that extend into the intercellular space between adjacent cell membranes and attach cells to one another

BUT plaque does NOT attach to microfilaments

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14
Q

hemidesmosomes

A

resemble desmosomes but don’t link adjacent cells
adhere epithelia to basement membranes

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15
Q

integrins

A

transmembrane glycoproteins in hemidesmosomes

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16
Q

Gap junctions

A

where membrane proteins called connexins form tiny fluid-filled tunnels called connexons that connect neighboring cells

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17
Q

connexins

A

membrane proteins in gap junctions

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18
Q

connexons

A

tiny fluid-filled tunnels formed by connexins in gap junctions

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19
Q

epithelial tissue = epithelium

A

consists of cells arranged in cont sheets, either single or mult layers

Functionally - protects, secretes, absorbs, ans excretes substances in the urinary tract

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20
Q

various surfaces of cover and lining epithelial cells often…

A

differ in structure + have specialized functions

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21
Q

basement membrane

A

thin extracellular layer in epithelial tissue that commonly consists of the basal lamina + reticular lamina

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22
Q

basal lamina

A

extracellular layer in epithelium closer to and secreted by epithelial cells

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23
Q

reticular lamina

A

extracellular layer in epithelium closer to underlying connective tissue

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24
Q

avascular

A

without blood vessels

relies on adjacent connective tissue to supply nut.s + remove wastes

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25
Q

Epithelium roles in the body:

A

1 covering + lining epithelium (surface epithelium)

2 glandular epithelium

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26
Q

covering + lining epithelium = surface epithelium

A

forms outer covering of skin + some internal organs
also inner lining of blood vessels, ducts, body cavities, + interior of respiratory, digestive, urinary, + reproductive systems

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27
Q

glandular epithelium

A

makes up secreting portion of glands

(like thyroid, adrenal, sweat, digestive)

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28
Q

epithelium arrangement of cells in layers (3)

A

simple epithelium - (single layer of cells, difusion, osmosis, filtration, secretion, absorption)

pseudostratified epithelium - false (appears to have mult layers of cells, but actualy simple epithelium bec cells rest on basement membrane)

stratified epithelium - (consists of 2+ layers of cells that protect underlying tissues in locations with wear + tear

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29
Q

Epithelium Cell shapes

A

squamous cells - (thin, allows rapid passage of substances thru)

Cuboidal cells - (as tall as wide, shaped like cubes or hexagons, secretion or absorption)

columnar cells - (must taller than wide, secretion absorption)

transitional cells - (change shape from squamous to cuboidal, urinary bladder which can stretch and collapse)

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30
Q

function of glandular epithelium?

A

secretion

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31
Q

gland

A

consists of epithelium that secretes substances into ducts (tubes), onto a surface, or into the blood)

endocrine or exocrine

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32
Q

Endocrine glands

A

secrete into interstitial fluid + diffuse into bloodstreem

NO DUCTS

secrete hormones

Secretions have far-reaching effects

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33
Q

Exocrine glands

A

secrete products into ducts that empty unto surface of epithelium like skin

secretions have limited effects

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34
Q

structural classification of exocrine glands:

A

unicellular (single-celled glands)

multicellular (many cells to form structure)

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35
Q

simple gland

A

duct that doest not branch

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36
Q

compound cland

A

duct that branches

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37
Q

tubular glands

A

glands with tubular secretory parts

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38
Q

acinar glands

A

glands with rounded secretory parts

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39
Q

tubuloacinar glands

A

glands that have tubular + rouned secretory parts

40
Q

functional classification of exocrine glands:

A

Merocrine glands (released from cell in secretory vesicles via exocytosis)

Apocrine glands (portion of cell pinches off by exocytosis from rest of cell to release secretion)

Holocrine glands (as secretory cell matures, it ruptures + becomes secretory product)

(based on how secretions released)

41
Q

connective tissue

A

one of most abundant + widely distributed tissues in body

binds, supports, strengthens
protects insulates, transport system, energy storage

42
Q

general features of connective tissue

A

extracellular matrix (material betw widely spaced cells)

in cartilage is pliable, but hard + inflexible in bone

43
Q

connective tissue cells (6)

A
  1. Fibroblasts (large lfat cells with branching processes, present in all general connective tissues)
  2. macrophages (phagocytes that develop from monocytes, help with infection and phagocytosis)
  3. plasma cells (plasmocytes = found in many places, most in connective tissu)
  4. mast cells ( inflamammatory response + reaction to injury or infection, can also kill/injest bacteria)
  5. Adipocytes (fat cells/adipose cells, store triglycerides/fats. around heart + kidneys)
  6. Leukocytes (white blood cells = not many in connective, can migrate from blood into connective)
44
Q

types of connective tissue have unique properties based on?

A

specific extracellular materials betw cells

45
Q

extracellular matrix consists of? (2)

A

ground substance
fibers

46
Q

ground substance

A

component of connective tissue betw cells + fibers

fluid, semifluid, gelatinous, calcified

47
Q

hyaluronic acid

A

viscous slippery substance that binds cells tog, lubricates joints, + helps maintain eyeball shape

sperm produces enzyme that breaks it down so that it can penetrate oocyte

48
Q

types of fibers (3)

A

collagen fibers

elastic fibers

reticular fibers

49
Q

collagen fibers

A

very strong + resist pulling/stretching, not stiff

flexibiltiy of tissue

50
Q

elastic fibers

A

smaller diameter than collagen, strong but can be stretched up to 150% of relaxed length due to unique network molecular structure

lots in skin, blood vessel walls, lung tissue

51
Q

reticular fibers

A

collagen arranged in fine bundles with glycoprotein coating, supports blood vessel walls + forms network arnd cells in adipose tissue, nerve fibers, smooth muscle

52
Q

stroma

A

supporting framework of many soft organs like splean/ lymph nodes, help form basement membrane
support + strength

53
Q

Classification of connective tissue

A

embryonic connective tissue (mesenchyme + mucous)

Mature connective tissue (connective tissue proper, supporting CT, liquid CT - blood/lymph)

54
Q

embryonic connective tissue

A

1st major subclass of connective tissue

has mesenchyme + mucous CT

55
Q

mature connective tissue

A

2nd major subclass of connective tissue

has connective tissue proper, supporting CT, + liquid CT

56
Q

connective tissue proper

A

type of CT that is flexible + has viscous ground substance with abundant fibers

everything except liquid and supporting CT (blood/lymph/bones/cartilage)
loose connective tissue
dense connective tissue

57
Q

loose connective tissue

A

CT in connective tissue proper

fibers that are loosely arranged betw cells

58
Q

dense connective tissue

A

Ct in CT proper

contains more fibers which are thicking + densly packed, but fewer cells than loose CT

59
Q

supporting connective tissue

A

mature CT that includes cartilage + bones

60
Q

cartilage

A

Supporting CT that consists of a dense network of collagen + elastic fibers firmly embedded in a gel-like ground substance.
tougher than CT proper
strength due to collagen fibers

few cells but lots extracellular matrix

61
Q

3 types of carilage

A

hyaline cartilage
fibrocartilage
elastic cartilage

62
Q

patterns of cartilage growth

A

interstitial growth (from within)
appositional growth (from outer surface of tissue)

63
Q

Bone tissue

A

type of supporting CT
stores Ca + P, has red bone marrow (produces blood cells), has yellow bone marrow (storage site for triglycerides)

64
Q

bone tissue

A

organs composed of diff Ct’s

classified as compact or spongy

65
Q

bone

A

osseous tissue

66
Q

osteon = haversian system

A

basic unit of compact bone

67
Q

4 parts of an osteon

A
  1. lamellae (makes bones hard, strong,)
  2. lacunae (small spaces between lamelae)
  3. canaliculi (mini canals with osteocytes, canals for nuts to reach osteocytes and wastes leave
  4. central cana = haversian canal (contains blood vessels + nerves)
68
Q

osteocytes

A

mature bones cells

69
Q

spongy bone

A

bone tissue that lacks osteons, but has columns of bone called trabeculae which contain lamellae, osteocytes, lacunae, + canaliculi

70
Q

trabeculae

A

columns of bone in spongy bone tissue

71
Q

liquid connective tissue

A

type of mature Ct that has liquid as extracellular matrix

-blood
-lymph

72
Q

blood

A

liquid CT that has liquid extracellular matrix called blood plasma + formed elements

73
Q

blood plasma

A

pale yellow fluid that is mosty water with dissolved substances in it

74
Q

formed elements

A

things susepended in blood plasma
- red blood cells (erythrocytes)
- white blood cells (leukocytes)
- platelets

75
Q

lymph

A

extracellular fluid that flows in lymphatic vessels

like blood plasma but less protein

76
Q

membranes

A

flat sheets of pliable tissue that cover/line a part of the body

generally consists of epithelial layer + underlying connective tissue layer epithelial membranes

77
Q

epithelial membranes

A

underlying CT layer (under epithelial layer)

mucous membranes, serous membranes, cutaneous membranes, skin

78
Q

mucous membrane = mucosa

A

lines a body cavity that opens directly to exterior

(digestive, respiratory, reproductive tracts, urinary)

79
Q

lamina propria

A

the areolar CT layer of a mucous membrane

80
Q

serous membrane

A

lines body cavity that does not open directly to exterior (thoracic/abdominal cavities)

81
Q

parietal layer

A

layer of the serous membrane attached to + lining cavity wall

82
Q

visceral layer

A

layer of serous membrane that covers + adheres to organs within the cavity

83
Q

serous fluid

A

watery lubricant that allows organs to glide easily over each other or slide against walls of cavities

84
Q

cutaneous membrane

A

skin

covers surface of body
epidermis + dermis (deeper)

85
Q

synovial membrane

A

line cavities of freely movable joints (joint cavities)
don’t open to exterior

86
Q

synovial fluid

A

lubricates + nourishes cartilage covering bones at movable joints + contains macrophages that remove microbes + debris from joint cavity

87
Q

muscular tissue

A

consists of elongated cells (muscle fibers) that can use ATP to generate force
posture, movements, heat

skeletal, cariac, smooth

88
Q

skeletal muscle tissue

A

consists of long, cylindrical, striated fibers. very in length. roughly cylindrical, multinucleated cells.

VOLUNTARY - can be made to contract or relax by consciuos control

89
Q

Cardiac muscle tissue

A

consists of branched, striated fibers, usually 1 nucleus, attached to plasma membrane at intercalated discs that have desmosomes + gap junctions

INVOLUNTARY

90
Q

Smooth muscle tissue

A

consists of nonstriated fiebrs, single, centrally located nucleus, gap junctions,
stomach, intestines, eye balls, uterus

usually involuntary

91
Q

nervous tissue

A

consists of 2 cell types: neurons + neuroglia

92
Q

neurons

A

nerve cells
do nerve impulses
sensitive to stimuli
convert stimuli to electrical signals - nerve action potentials

93
Q

neuroglia

A

don’t generate or do nerve impulses,
supportive functions

94
Q

excitable cells

A

cells (like neurons + muscle fibers) that exhibit electrical excitability

95
Q

electrical excitability

A

ability to resond to certain stimuli by producing electrical signals

BIOL235 (7 decks)

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