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BIOL235 > BIOL235_Chap6 > Flashcards

BIOL235_Chap6 Flashcards

1
Q

bone remodeling

A

the continual process of building new bone tissue and breaking down old bone tissue.

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2
Q

bone

A

organ made up of several different tissues working together (bone (osseous) tissue, cartilage, dense connective tissue, epithelium, adipose tissue + nervous tissue.)

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3
Q

skeletal system

A

the entire framework of bones and their cartilages

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4
Q

osteology

A

study of bone structure and treatment of bone disorders

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5
Q

Basic functions of the skeletal system

A

-support
-protection
-assistance in movement
-mineral homeostasis (storage + release)
-blood cell production
-triglyceride storage

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6
Q

Hemopoiesis

A

process by which red bone marrow produces red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets

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7
Q

with age, red bone marrow turns into…

A

yellow bone marrow

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8
Q

long bone

A

bone of greater length than width and consists of:

diaphysis
epiphyses
metaphyses
articular cartilage
periosteum
medullary cavity
endosteum

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9
Q

articular cartilage

A

thin layer of hyaline cartliage covering the epiphysis where bone forms articulation with another bone.
reduces friction and absorbs shock

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9
Q

diaphysis

A

bone’s shaft or body - the cylindrical/main portion

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10
Q

metaphyses

A

bone region betw. diaphysis + epiphyses, contains epiphyseal (growth) plate,
allows bone to grow in length
epiphyseal plate is replaced by bone once the body gets old and bone stops growing, this bony structure is the epiphyseal line

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10
Q

epiphyses

A

the proximal + distal ends of the bone

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11
Q

periosteium

A

tough connective tissue sheat and blod supply that surrounds bone surface wherever not covered by articular cartiliage.
composed of: outer fibrous layer + inner osteogenic layer

attached to underlying bone by perforating fibers/sharpey’s fibers

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12
Q

Perforating fibers = sharpey’s fibers

A

thick bundles of collagen that extend from the periosteum into the bone extracellular matrix and are the way the periosteum is attached to underlying bone

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13
Q

medullary cavity = marrow cavity

A

hollow cylindrical space inside diaphysis of bone that contains fatty yellow bone marrow and blood vessles in adults.
reduces bone weight

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14
Q

bone

A

osseous tissue

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15
Q

endosteum

A

thin membrane that lines the medullary cavity of bone. contains a layer of bone-forming cells and some connective tissue

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16
Q

osteoblasts

A

bone-building cells
secretes extracellular matrix and gets trappedn in secretions and becomes osteocytes

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16
Q

hydroxyapatite

A

crystal combination of calcium phosphate and calcium hydroxide that is the most abundant mineral salt

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17
Q

calcification

A

process by which hydroxyapatite crystals react with other things to harden tissue and is initiated by bone-building cells call osteoblasts

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18
Q

osteoblasts

A

bone-building cells

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19
Q

4 types of cells in bone tissue

A

osteoprogenitor cells
osteoblasts
osteocytes
osteoclasts

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20
Q

osteoprogenitor cells

A

unspecialized bone stem cells
undergo cell division and result in osteoblasts
along the innder portion of the periosteum, in the endosteium, and in canals within bone that contain blood vessels
-only cells that undergo division

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21
Q

osteocytes

A

mature bone cells
daily metabolism
cell maintains and monitors bone tissue

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22
Q

osteoclasts

A

huge cells from fusion of lots of monocytes (type of white blood cells)
in endosteum
does bone resorption
cell breaks down extracellular matrix
target cells for osteoporosis treatement

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23
Q

monocytes

A

type of white blood cell

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24
Q

bone resoprtion

A

breakdown of extracellular matrix
by cells ending in -clast

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25
Q

osteoBlasts Build bone

A

osteoClasts Carve out bone

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26
Q

Compact bone tissue

A

few spaces betw cells and extracellular matrix
beneath periosteum
bulk of diaphyses of long bones
composed of osteons

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27
Q

osteons = haversian systems

A

concentric lamellae arrange around an osteonic (haversian or central) canal

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28
Q

concentric lamella

A

in osteons
look like tree rings
circular plates of minearlized extracellular matrix of inc diameter

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29
Q

lacunae

A

small spaces between concentric lamellae
contains osteocytes

30
Q

canaliculi

A

small channels filled with extracellular fluid that radiate in all directiosn from lacunae

31
Q

osteons in compact bone tissue are…

A

aligned in the same direction and are parallel to the length of the diaphysis

32
Q

circumferential lamellae

A

lamellae arranged arnd the outer and inner cirvumference of the shaft of long bone
develop during initial bone formation

32
Q

interosteonic canals = Volkmann’s or perforating canals

A

transverse canals through which blood vessles and nerves from the periosteum penetrate the compact bone

33
Q

interstitial lamellae

A

lamellae in areas between neighbouring osteons

34
Q

external circumferential lamellae

A

circumferential lamellae directly deep to the periosteum

35
Q

spongy bone is always covered by…

A

a layer of compact bone for protection

36
Q

spongy bone tissue = trabecular or cancellous bone tissue

A

no osteons
interior of bone protected by compact bone
lamellae arranged in irregular pattern of thin columns trabeculae

37
Q

internal circumferential lamellae

A

circumferential lamellae that line medullary cavity

38
Q

trabeculae

A

lamellae arranged in an irregular pattern of thin columns in spongy bone tissue

39
Q

each trabecula consists of…

A

concentric lamellae, osteocytes that lie in lacunae, + canaliculi that radiate outward from the lacunae

40
Q

bones where hemopoiesis (blood cell production) occurs in adults

A

in spongy bone in the hips, sternum, vertebrae, and proximal ends of humerus + femur

40
Q

2 ways spongy bone tissue is different from compact

A

1 spongy tissue is light = lighter bones
2 trabeculae of psongy bone tissue suport + protect red bone marrow

41
Q

periosteal arteries

A

small arteries accompanied by nerves
enter diaphysis through interosteonic canals + supply periosteum and outer part of compact bone

41
Q

nutrient artery

A

large artery near center of diaphysis passes through nutrient foramen (hole in compact bone)

42
Q

metaphyseal arteries

A

arteries that enter metaphyses of long bone that, together with nutrient artery, supply red bone marrow + bone tissue of metaphyses

42
Q

nutrient foramen

A

hole in compact bone that large nutrient artery passes through

43
Q

epiphyseal arteries

A

arteries that enter the epiphyses of long bone and supply red bone marrow and bone tissues of epiphyses

44
Q

3 places where veins carrying blood away from long bones are evident

A

1 nutrient veins
2 epiphyseal veins + metaphyseal veins
3 periosteal veins

45
Q

ossification or osteogenesis

A

process by which bone forms

4 ways:

  1. initally in utero
  2. growth during childhood
  3. remodeling of bone (replacement of old with new bone tissue)
  4. repair of fractures
46
Q

Intramembranous ossification

A

1st type of ossification where bone forms directly within mesenchyme of embryo/fetus

47
Q

Endochondral ossification

A

2nd type of ossification where bone forms within hyaline cartliage that develops from mesenchyme

48
Q

bones formed in intramembranous ossification

A

flat skull bones, facial bones, mandible, medial part of clavicle
soft spots of head are heardened thru this process

48
Q

Steps of intramembranous ossification

A
  1. Development fo the ossification center
  2. Calcification
  3. Formation of trabeculae
  4. Develppment of the periosteum
49
Q

endochondral ossification

A

the replacement of cartilage by bone
most bones formed this way

50
Q

Steps of Endochondral Ossification

A
  1. development of the carilage model
  2. growth of the cartilage model
  3. development of the primary ossification center
  4. development of the medullary (marrow) cavity
  5. development of the secondary ossification centers
  6. formation of articular cartilage and the epiphyseal (growth) plate
51
Q

interstitial (endogenous) growth

A

type of cartilage growth that results in growth in length

52
Q

Appositional (exogenous) growth

A

type of cartilage growth that results in growth in thickness

53
Q

periosteum

A

perichondium that starts to form bone

54
Q

primary ossification center

A

region where bone tissue will replace most of the cartilage

55
Q

secondary ossification center

A

no medullary caities formed
proceeds outward from center of epiphysis toward outer surface of bone

56
Q

2 events that are involved in long bone growth in length

A
  1. interstitial growth of cartilage on the piphyseal side of the epiphyseal plate
  2. replacement of cartilage on the diaphyseal side of the epiphyseal plate with bone by endochondral ossification
57
Q

epiphyseal (growth) plate

A

layer of hyaline cartilage in the metaphysis of growing bone that consts of 4 zones:
1. Zone of resting cartilage
2. Zone of proliferating cartilage
3. Zone of hypertrophic cartilage
4. Zone of calcified cartilage

58
Q

4 Zones of Epiphyseal (growth) plate

A
  1. Zone of resting cartilage
  2. Zone of proliferating cartilage
  3. Zone of hypertrophic cartilage
  4. Zone of calcified cartilage
59
Q

What is the only way that the diaphysis can inc in length?

A

Activity of the eipiphyseal plate

60
Q

Epiphyseal line

A

bony structure that is left once epiphyseal plate fades after adolescence.
with appearance of line, bone growth in length stops completely

61
Q

Growth in thickness of bone can only occur by

A

appositional growth
same for cartilage growth in thickness

62
Q

Steps associated with bone growth in thickness

A
  1. periosteal cells differentiate into osteoblasts
  2. ridges fold together and fuse, and the groove becomes a tunnel that encloses the blood vessel
  3. osteoblasts in the ednosteum deposite bone extracellular matrix, forming new concentric lamellae
  4. osteoblasts under periosteum deposite new circumferential lamellae further increaising the thickness of the bone
63
Q

Bone remodeling

A

ongoing replacement of old bone tissue by new bone tissue
involves bone resorption + bone deposition

64
Q

bone resorption

A

the removal of minerals and collagen fibers from bone by ostreoclasts
results: destruction of bone extracellular matrix

65
Q

bone deposition

A

the addition of minerals and collagen fibers to bone by osteoblasts
results: formation of bone extracellular matrix

66
Q

Factors affecting bone growth and bone remodeling

A
  1. minerals (lots of Ca + P, little bit of Mg, Fl, + Mn
  2. Vitamins (A, C, D, K, + B12)
  3. Hormones (childhood insulin-like growth factors (IGFs), thyroid hormones
67
Q

Sex hormones

A

estrogens + androgens (testosterone)

responsible for growth spurt
also sex specific bone differences
estrogen stops bone growth, so stops sooner for girls because they have more estrogen.

68
Q

What is the body’s main calcium reserve?

A

bone is the body’s main calcium reserve and stores 99% of Ca

69
Q

Parathyroid hormone PTH

A

hormone that is most important for regulating Ca2+ exchange
secreted by parathyroid glands

70
Q

Calcitriol

A

the active form of Vit D
a hormone that promotes calcium absoprtions from food from the gastrointestinal tract into blood

71
Q

Calcitonin CT

A

hormone that works to dec blood calcium level.
promotes bone formation and dec calcium level in blood
effective drug treating osteoporosis bec slows bone resorption

BIOL235 (8 decks)

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