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BIOL235_Chap6 Flashcards

1
Q

bone remodeling

A

the continual process of building new bone tissue and breaking down old bone tissue.

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2
Q

bone

A

organ made up of several different tissues working together (bone (osseous) tissue, cartilage, dense connective tissue, epithelium, adipose tissue + nervous tissue.)

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3
Q

skeletal system

A

the entire framework of bones and their cartilages

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4
Q

osteology

A

study of bone structure and treatment of bone disorders

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5
Q

Basic functions of the skeletal system

A

-support
-protection
-assistance in movement
-mineral homeostasis (storage + release)
-blood cell production
-triglyceride storage

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6
Q

Hemopoiesis

A

process by which red bone marrow produces red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets

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7
Q

with age, red bone marrow turns into…

A

yellow bone marrow

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8
Q

long bone

A

bone of greater length than width and consists of:

diaphysis
epiphyses
metaphyses
articular cartilage
periosteum
medullary cavity
endosteum

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9
Q

articular cartilage

A

thin layer of hyaline cartliage covering the epiphysis where bone forms articulation with another bone.
reduces friction and absorbs shock

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9
Q

diaphysis

A

bone’s shaft or body - the cylindrical/main portion

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10
Q

metaphyses

A

bone region betw. diaphysis + epiphyses, contains epiphyseal (growth) plate,
allows bone to grow in length
epiphyseal plate is replaced by bone once the body gets old and bone stops growing, this bony structure is the epiphyseal line

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10
Q

epiphyses

A

the proximal + distal ends of the bone

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11
Q

periosteium

A

tough connective tissue sheat and blod supply that surrounds bone surface wherever not covered by articular cartiliage.
composed of: outer fibrous layer + inner osteogenic layer

attached to underlying bone by perforating fibers/sharpey’s fibers

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12
Q

Perforating fibers = sharpey’s fibers

A

thick bundles of collagen that extend from the periosteum into the bone extracellular matrix and are the way the periosteum is attached to underlying bone

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13
Q

medullary cavity = marrow cavity

A

hollow cylindrical space inside diaphysis of bone that contains fatty yellow bone marrow and blood vessles in adults.
reduces bone weight

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14
Q

bone

A

osseous tissue

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15
Q

endosteum

A

thin membrane that lines the medullary cavity of bone. contains a layer of bone-forming cells and some connective tissue

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16
Q

osteoblasts

A

bone-building cells
secretes extracellular matrix and gets trappedn in secretions and becomes osteocytes

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16
Q

hydroxyapatite

A

crystal combination of calcium phosphate and calcium hydroxide that is the most abundant mineral salt

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17
Q

calcification

A

process by which hydroxyapatite crystals react with other things to harden tissue and is initiated by bone-building cells call osteoblasts

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18
Q

osteoblasts

A

bone-building cells

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19
Q

4 types of cells in bone tissue

A

osteoprogenitor cells
osteoblasts
osteocytes
osteoclasts

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20
Q

osteoprogenitor cells

A

unspecialized bone stem cells
undergo cell division and result in osteoblasts
along the innder portion of the periosteum, in the endosteium, and in canals within bone that contain blood vessels
-only cells that undergo division

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21
Q

osteocytes

A

mature bone cells
daily metabolism
cell maintains and monitors bone tissue

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22
osteoclasts
huge cells from fusion of lots of monocytes (type of white blood cells) in endosteum does bone resorption cell breaks down extracellular matrix target cells for osteoporosis treatement
23
monocytes
type of white blood cell
24
bone resoprtion
breakdown of extracellular matrix by cells ending in -clast
25
osteoBlasts Build bone
osteoClasts Carve out bone
26
Compact bone tissue
few spaces betw cells and extracellular matrix beneath periosteum bulk of diaphyses of long bones composed of osteons
27
osteons = haversian systems
concentric lamellae arrange around an osteonic (haversian or central) canal
28
concentric lamella
in osteons look like tree rings circular plates of minearlized extracellular matrix of inc diameter
29
lacunae
small spaces between concentric lamellae contains osteocytes
30
canaliculi
small channels filled with extracellular fluid that radiate in all directiosn from lacunae
31
osteons in compact bone tissue are...
aligned in the same direction and are parallel to the length of the diaphysis
32
circumferential lamellae
lamellae arranged arnd the outer and inner cirvumference of the shaft of long bone develop during initial bone formation
32
interosteonic canals = Volkmann's or perforating canals
transverse canals through which blood vessles and nerves from the periosteum penetrate the compact bone
33
interstitial lamellae
lamellae in areas between neighbouring osteons
34
external circumferential lamellae
circumferential lamellae directly deep to the periosteum
35
spongy bone is always covered by...
a layer of compact bone for protection
36
spongy bone tissue = trabecular or cancellous bone tissue
no osteons interior of bone protected by compact bone lamellae arranged in irregular pattern of thin columns trabeculae
37
internal circumferential lamellae
circumferential lamellae that line medullary cavity
38
trabeculae
lamellae arranged in an irregular pattern of thin columns in spongy bone tissue
39
each trabecula consists of...
concentric lamellae, osteocytes that lie in lacunae, + canaliculi that radiate outward from the lacunae
40
bones where hemopoiesis (blood cell production) occurs in adults
in spongy bone in the hips, sternum, vertebrae, and proximal ends of humerus + femur
40
2 ways spongy bone tissue is different from compact
1 spongy tissue is light = lighter bones 2 trabeculae of psongy bone tissue suport + protect red bone marrow
41
periosteal arteries
small arteries accompanied by nerves enter diaphysis through interosteonic canals + supply periosteum and outer part of compact bone
41
nutrient artery
large artery near center of diaphysis passes through nutrient foramen (hole in compact bone)
42
metaphyseal arteries
arteries that enter metaphyses of long bone that, together with nutrient artery, supply red bone marrow + bone tissue of metaphyses
42
nutrient foramen
hole in compact bone that large nutrient artery passes through
43
epiphyseal arteries
arteries that enter the epiphyses of long bone and supply red bone marrow and bone tissues of epiphyses
44
3 places where veins carrying blood away from long bones are evident
1 nutrient veins 2 epiphyseal veins + metaphyseal veins 3 periosteal veins
45
ossification or osteogenesis
process by which bone forms 4 ways: 1. initally in utero 2. growth during childhood 3. remodeling of bone (replacement of old with new bone tissue) 4. repair of fractures
46
Intramembranous ossification
1st type of ossification where bone forms directly within mesenchyme of embryo/fetus
47
Endochondral ossification
2nd type of ossification where bone forms within hyaline cartliage that develops from mesenchyme
48
bones formed in intramembranous ossification
flat skull bones, facial bones, mandible, medial part of clavicle soft spots of head are heardened thru this process
48
Steps of intramembranous ossification
1. Development fo the ossification center 2. Calcification 3. Formation of trabeculae 4. Develppment of the periosteum
49
endochondral ossification
the replacement of cartilage by bone most bones formed this way
50
Steps of Endochondral Ossification
1. development of the carilage model 2. growth of the cartilage model 3. development of the primary ossification center 4. development of the medullary (marrow) cavity 5. development of the secondary ossification centers 6. formation of articular cartilage and the epiphyseal (growth) plate
51
interstitial (endogenous) growth
type of cartilage growth that results in growth in length
52
Appositional (exogenous) growth
type of cartilage growth that results in growth in thickness
53
periosteum
perichondium that starts to form bone
54
primary ossification center
region where bone tissue will replace most of the cartilage
55
secondary ossification center
no medullary caities formed proceeds outward from center of epiphysis toward outer surface of bone
56
2 events that are involved in long bone growth in length
1. interstitial growth of cartilage on the piphyseal side of the epiphyseal plate 2. replacement of cartilage on the diaphyseal side of the epiphyseal plate with bone by endochondral ossification
57
epiphyseal (growth) plate
layer of hyaline cartilage in the metaphysis of growing bone that consts of 4 zones: 1. Zone of resting cartilage 2. Zone of proliferating cartilage 3. Zone of hypertrophic cartilage 4. Zone of calcified cartilage
58
4 Zones of Epiphyseal (growth) plate
1. Zone of resting cartilage 2. Zone of proliferating cartilage 3. Zone of hypertrophic cartilage 4. Zone of calcified cartilage
59
What is the only way that the diaphysis can inc in length?
Activity of the eipiphyseal plate
60
Epiphyseal line
bony structure that is left once epiphyseal plate fades after adolescence. with appearance of line, bone growth in length stops completely
61
Growth in thickness of bone can only occur by
appositional growth same for cartilage growth in thickness
62
Steps associated with bone growth in thickness
1. periosteal cells differentiate into osteoblasts 2. ridges fold together and fuse, and the groove becomes a tunnel that encloses the blood vessel 3. osteoblasts in the ednosteum deposite bone extracellular matrix, forming new concentric lamellae 4. osteoblasts under periosteum deposite new circumferential lamellae further increaising the thickness of the bone
63
Bone remodeling
ongoing replacement of old bone tissue by new bone tissue involves bone resorption + bone deposition
64
bone resorption
the removal of minerals and collagen fibers from bone by ostreoclasts results: destruction of bone extracellular matrix
65
bone deposition
the addition of minerals and collagen fibers to bone by osteoblasts results: formation of bone extracellular matrix
66
Factors affecting bone growth and bone remodeling
1. minerals (lots of Ca + P, little bit of Mg, Fl, + Mn 2. Vitamins (A, C, D, K, + B12) 3. Hormones (childhood insulin-like growth factors (IGFs), thyroid hormones
67
Sex hormones
estrogens + androgens (testosterone) responsible for growth spurt also sex specific bone differences estrogen stops bone growth, so stops sooner for girls because they have more estrogen.
68
What is the body's main calcium reserve?
bone is the body's main calcium reserve and stores 99% of Ca
69
Parathyroid hormone PTH
hormone that is most important for regulating Ca2+ exchange secreted by parathyroid glands
70
Calcitriol
the active form of Vit D a hormone that promotes calcium absoprtions from food from the gastrointestinal tract into blood
71
Calcitonin CT
hormone that works to dec blood calcium level. promotes bone formation and dec calcium level in blood effective drug treating osteoporosis bec slows bone resorption

BIOL235 (10 decks)

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