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BIOL235 > BIOL235_Chap2 > Flashcards

BIOL235_Chap2 Flashcards

1
Q

all living and nonliving things consist of?

A

matter

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2
Q

matter is

A

anything that occupies space and has mass

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2
Q

mass is

A

the amount of matter in any object which does not change

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3
Q

weight is

A

the force of gravity acting on matter and does change

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4
Q

all forms of matter are made up of a limited number of building blocks called

A

chemical elements

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4
Q

chemical symbol

A

1 or 2 letters of the element’s name in englishk latin or another language

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5
Q

chemical element

A

a substance that cannot be split into a simpler substance by ordinary chemical means

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6
Q

lesser elements

A

8 elements in the body that contribute about 3.6% to the body’s mass

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6
Q

4 major elements of body

A

oxygen carbon hydrogen nitrogen

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7
Q

major elements

A

4 elements that constitute about 96% of body’s mass

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7
Q

atom

A

smallest unit of matter that retains properties and characteristics of the element

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7
Q

trace elements

A

14 elements that are present in tiny amounts in the body, about 0.4% of body mass

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8
Q

Carbon

A

18.5% body mass
forms backbone chains and rings of all organic molecs: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, + nucleic acids (DNA + RNA)

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8
Q

Hydrogen

A

9.5% of body mass
constituent of water and most organic molecs, ionized form (H+) makes body fluids more acidic

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8
Q

nucleus

A

dense central core of atom

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8
Q

Oxygen

A

65% of body mass
part of water and many organic (C-containing) molecules; used to generate ATP, a molec used by cells to temporarily store chemical energy

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9
Q

protons

A

positively charged particles in the nucleus

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10
Q

subatomic particles

A

dozens of them make up an atom
3 important: protons + neutrons + electrons

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11
Q

nitrogen

A

3.2% body mass
component of all proteins and nucleic acids (DNA+RNA)

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12
Q

neutrons

A

uncharged particles in the nucleus

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13
Q

electrons

A

negatively charged particles

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14
Q

electron shells

A

certain regions around the nucleus where specific groups of elecs are likely to move about

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15
Q

mass number

A

sum of protons + neutrons

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15
Q

atomic number

A

of protons in atom’s nucleus

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16
Q

isotopes

A

atoms of an element that have diff numbers of neutrons ~ diff mass numbers

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16
Q

radioactive isotopes

A

isotopes that are unstable, their nuclei decay into a stable configuration

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17
Q

atomic mass

A

the average mass of all the element’s naturally occurring isotopes

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17
Q

half-life

A

time required for half of radioactive atoms in a sample of that isotope to decay into a more stable form

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18
Q

ion

A

an atom that has a positive or negative charge bec it has unequal numbers of protons and electrons

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19
Q

molecule

A

resulting combination when 2 or more atoms share electrons
may consist of 2 atoms of the same kind or different kinds

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20
Q

ionization

A

process of giving up or gaining electrons

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20
Q

free radical

A

an atom or group of atoms with an unpaired electron in the outermost shell

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21
Q

chemical bonds

A

the forces that hold together the atoms of a molec or compound

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21
Q

compound

A

a substance that contains atoms of 2 or more diff elements

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21
Q

ionic bond

A

the force of attraction that holds together ions with opposite charges

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22
Q

valence shell

A

an atom’s outermost electron shell

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23
Q

cation

A

a positively charged ion

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24
Q

covalent bond

A

the bond formed when 2+ atoms share electrons rather than gaining or losing them

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25
Q

anion

A

a negatively charged ion

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26
Q

electrolyte

A

an ionic compound that breaks apart into positive + negative ions in solution

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27
Q

triple covalent bond

A

covalent bond where 2 atoms share 3 prs electrons

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27
Q

single covalent bond

A

the covalent bond resulting when 2 atoms share 1 elec pair

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28
Q

hydrogen bond

A

bond forming when a hydrogen atom with a partial positive charge attracts the partial negative charge of neighboring electronegative atoms (usually O or N)

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28
Q

double covalent bond

A

covalent bond where 2 atoms share 2 prs of elecs

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29
Q

nonpolar covalent bond

A

covalent bond where 2 atoms share electrons equally

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30
Q

surface tension

A

a measure of the difficulty of stretching or breaking the surface of a liquid

resulting from hydrogen bonds linking neighboring water molecs

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30
Q

polar covalent bond

A

covalent bond where 2 atoms share atoms unequally

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31
Q

chemical reaction

A

occurs when new bonds form or old bonds break betw atoms

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32
Q

energy

A

the capacity to do work

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33
Q

potential energy

A

energy stored by matter due to its position

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34
Q

kinetic energy

A

energy associated iwth matter in motion

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35
Q

chemical energy

A

a form of potential energy that is stored in the bonds of compounds and molecules

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36
Q

exergonic reactions

A

reactions that release more energy than they absorb

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37
Q

activation energy

A

the collision energy needed to break the chemical bonds of the reactants

38
Q

endergonic reactions

A

reactions that absorb more energy than they release

39
Q

concentration effects on collision

A

the more particles of matter present in a confined space, the greater the change that they will collide

40
Q

anabolism

A

synthesis reactions

collectively all the synthesis reactions that occur in the body

40
Q

catalyst

A

chemical compound that speeds up chemical reactions by lowering activation energy for a reaction to occur

41
Q

temperature effects on collision

A

as temp rises, particles of matter move about more rapidly

42
Q

synthesis reactions

A

combine smaller atoms, ions, or molecs into larger molecs

43
Q

decomposition reactions

A

split up large molecules into smaller atoms, ions, or molecs

44
Q

catabolism

A

collection of decomposition reactions

45
Q

exchange reactions

A

consist of both synthesis + decomposition reactions

46
Q

reversible reaction

A

chemical reaction that is reversible meaning that products can revert back to original reactants

47
Q

oxidation

A

loss of elecs
oxidized substance releases energy

48
Q

Reduction

A

gain of elecs
reduced substance gains energy

49
Q

oxidation-reduction reactions

A

always parallel, 1 substance oxidized, 1 reduced

50
Q

inorganic compounds

A

usually lack C + structurally simple

51
Q

organic compounds

A

always contain C, usually contain H, and always have covalent bonds

52
Q

water

A

most important + abundant inorganic compound in all livng systems

53
Q

solution

A

where a solvent dissolves a solute

54
Q

solvent

A

substance that dissolves a solute

55
Q

solute

A

substance that gets dissolved by a solvent

56
Q

hydrophilic

A

water loving
dissolves easily in water (water soluble)
charge or contain polar covalent bonds

57
Q

hydrophobic

A

water fearing
not very water-soluble
mainly nonpolar covalent bonds

58
Q

hydrolysis

A

reaction where decomposition reactions break donw large molecules into smaller ones by addition of water molecules

water-splitting

59
Q

high heat capacity

A

a substance’s ability to absorb or release relatively large amount of heat with only small change in its own temperature

60
Q

lubricating fluids

A

fluids that lubricate things in the body and moisten food and help things run smoothly

61
Q

mixture

A

combination of elements or compounds that are physically blended together but not bound by chemical bonds

62
Q

colloid

A

different from a solution because colloids have bigger partilces

63
Q

suspension

A

suspended material max mix with liquid or suspending medium for a time, but will eventually settle out

64
Q

concentration of solution

A

expressed as mass per volume percentage

65
Q

mole

A

amount of any substance with mass = to sum of atomic masses of all its atoms

66
Q

acid

A

proton donor

substance that dissociates into 1+ hydrogen ions (H+)

67
Q

base

A

proton acceptor

removes H+ from solution
dissociates into OH- + 1 or more cations

68
Q

salt

A

when dissolved in water dissociates into cations + anions
acids and bases react to form salts

69
Q

buffer system

A

systems that function to convert strong acids or bases into weak acids or bases . help maintain pretty constant pH

70
Q

buffers

A

chemical compounds that can convert strong acids or bases into weak ones

71
Q

macromolecules

A

large molecules made up of small organic molecs. usually polymers

72
Q

polymers

A

large molec formed by the covalent bonding of many identical or similar small building-block molecs call monomers

73
Q

monomer

A

small building-block molecs

74
Q

isomers

A

molecs that have the same molecular formula but diff structures

75
Q

carbodydrates

A

sugars, glycogens, starhces, + cellulose
large + diverse group of organic compounds

76
Q

monosaccharides

A

monomers of carbohydrates
simple sugar

77
Q

disaccharide

A

molec formed from cobination of 2 monosaccharides by dehydration synthesis
simple sugar

78
Q

polysaccharides

A

carbohydrate molec that contains many monosaccharides joined thru dyhydration synthesis
usually insoluble in water unlike simple sugars

79
Q

glycogen

A

main polysaccharide in human body
make entirely of glucose monomers

80
Q

lipids

A

group organic compounds
insoluble in polar solvents
hydrophobic
not soluble in water

81
Q

lipoproteins

A

lipid molecs joined with hydrophilic protein molecs so that they can dissolve in blood plasma

82
Q

saturated fatty acid

A

contains 1 covalent bond between carbon atoms of hydrocarbon chain
completely saturated with hydrogen atoms

83
Q

unsaturated fatty acid

A

contains 1+ double covalent bonds betw carbon atoms of hydrocarbon chain
not completly saturated iwth hydrogen atoms

84
Q

triglycerides

A

most plentiful lipids in body and diet
consist of glycerol molec + 3 fatty acid molecs
Body’s most highly concentrated form of chemical energy

85
Q

glycerol

A

molec that forms the backbone of a triglyceride

86
Q

saturated fat

A

fat that mainly consists of saturated fatty acids

87
Q

monounsaturated fats

A

contain triglycerides that moslty consist of monounsaturated fatty acides
olive oil, canola oil, nut oils, avocados

88
Q

polyunsaturated fats

A

contain triglycerides that mostly consist of poly-unsaturated fatty acids
sunflower oil, soybean oils, fatty fish

89
Q

phospholipids

A

polar lipids that contain phosphorous

have hydrophilic head (phosphate group) and 2 hydrophobic tails (fatty acids)

lipids that have glycerol back-bone and 2 fatty acid chains attached to 2 carbons and a phosphate group that has N as backbone
results in polar molec

90
Q

steroids

A

lipid with 4 rings of C atoms
cholesterol, estrogens, testosterone, cortisol, bile salts, vit D

91
Q

eicosanoids

A

lipids derived from 20-carbon fatty acid (arachidonic acid)

local hormones: induce swelling, inflammation, labor, athema attacks, blood clotting

92
Q

proteins

A

large molecs that contain C, H, O, +N
more comlex structure than carbs or lipids
largely responsible for body tissue structure
enzymes
antibodies
some hormones

93
Q

amino acids

A

building blocks of proteins
monomers of proteins

94
Q

peptide bond

A

covalent bond joining each pair of amino acids in a protein

95
Q

peptide

A

(4-9 amino acides)

96
Q

polypeptide

A

(10-2000 or more amino acids)

97
Q

denaturation

A

process by which a proetin unravels and loses its characteristic shape when it encounters an altered environemnt

98
Q

enzymes

A

protein molecules that consist of a protein portion and a nonprotein portion
they catalyze reactions

99
Q

3 important properties of enzymes

A
  1. enzymes are highly specific (particular enzymes bind only to specific substrates at the active site)
  2. Enzymes are very efficient
  3. enzymes are subject to a variety of cellular controls
100
Q

How does an enzyme work?

A

the substates make contact with the active site on the surface of the enzyme molecule, forming a temporary intermediate compound (called the enzyme-substrate complex).
2. The substrate molecules are transformed by the rearrangement of existing atoms, the breakdown of the substrate molecule, or the combination of several substrate molecules into products of the reaction.
3. After the reaction is completed and the reaction products move away form the enzyme, the unchanged enzyme is free to attach to other substrate molecules.

101
Q

nucleic acids

A

huge organic molecules that contain C, H, O, N, P
-Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
- Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

102
Q

DNA

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

103
Q

RNA

A

Ribonucleic acid

104
Q

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)

A

nucleic acid that forms the inherited genetic material inside each human cell

105
Q

gene

A

segment of a DNA molecule
determine traits we inherit and regulate most of body cell activities through controlling protein synthesis

106
Q

RNA (ribonucleic acid)

A

nucleic acid that relays instructions from the genes to guide each cell’s synthesis of proteins from amino acids

107
Q

nucleotides

A

the chain of repeating monomers that nucleic acids are made of

108
Q

3 parts of a nucleotide of DNA

A
  1. Nitrogenous base (adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine)
  2. Pentose sugar (deoxyribose)
  3. Phosphate group
109
Q

double helix

A

a model where DNA resembles a spiral ladder
(2 strands of alternating phosphate groups and deoxyribose sugars form the sides of the ladder and paired nucleotide bases form the rungs

110
Q

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

A

energy currency of living systems
when hydrolyzed it becomes ADP

111
Q

ATP

A

Adenosine triphosphate

112
Q

ADP

A

Adenosine diphosphate

113
Q

how is ADP produced?

A

a water molecule is added to ATP and the 3rd phosphate group is removed from ATP whihc results in a release of energy and the molecule ADP which is ATP with one less phosphate group.

114
Q

ATPase

A

enzyme that catalyzes ATP hydrolysis

115
Q

Anaerobic phase

A

phase without oxygen present

116
Q

Aerobic phase

A

phase with oxygen present

BIOL235 (7 decks)

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