BIOL235_Chap2 Flashcards
1
Q
all living and nonliving things consist of?
A
matter
2
Q
matter is
A
anything that occupies space and has mass
2
Q
mass is
A
the amount of matter in any object which does not change
3
Q
weight is
A
the force of gravity acting on matter and does change
4
Q
all forms of matter are made up of a limited number of building blocks called
A
chemical elements
4
Q
chemical symbol
A
1 or 2 letters of the element’s name in englishk latin or another language
5
Q
chemical element
A
a substance that cannot be split into a simpler substance by ordinary chemical means
6
Q
lesser elements
A
8 elements in the body that contribute about 3.6% to the body’s mass
6
Q
4 major elements of body
A
oxygen carbon hydrogen nitrogen
7
Q
major elements
A
4 elements that constitute about 96% of body’s mass
7
Q
atom
A
smallest unit of matter that retains properties and characteristics of the element
7
Q
trace elements
A
14 elements that are present in tiny amounts in the body, about 0.4% of body mass
8
Q
Carbon
A
18.5% body mass
forms backbone chains and rings of all organic molecs: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, + nucleic acids (DNA + RNA)
8
Q
Hydrogen
A
9.5% of body mass
constituent of water and most organic molecs, ionized form (H+) makes body fluids more acidic
8
Q
nucleus
A
dense central core of atom
8
Q
Oxygen
A
65% of body mass
part of water and many organic (C-containing) molecules; used to generate ATP, a molec used by cells to temporarily store chemical energy
9
Q
protons
A
positively charged particles in the nucleus
10
Q
subatomic particles
A
dozens of them make up an atom
3 important: protons + neutrons + electrons
11
Q
nitrogen
A
3.2% body mass
component of all proteins and nucleic acids (DNA+RNA)
12
Q
neutrons
A
uncharged particles in the nucleus
13
Q
electrons
A
negatively charged particles
14
Q
electron shells
A
certain regions around the nucleus where specific groups of elecs are likely to move about
15
Q
mass number
A
sum of protons + neutrons
15
Q
atomic number
A
of protons in atom’s nucleus
16
isotopes
atoms of an element that have diff numbers of neutrons ~ diff mass numbers
16
radioactive isotopes
isotopes that are unstable, their nuclei decay into a stable configuration
17
atomic mass
the average mass of all the element's naturally occurring isotopes
17
half-life
time required for half of radioactive atoms in a sample of that isotope to decay into a more stable form
18
ion
an atom that has a positive or negative charge bec it has unequal numbers of protons and electrons
19
molecule
resulting combination when 2 or more atoms share electrons
may consist of 2 atoms of the same kind or different kinds
20
ionization
process of giving up or gaining electrons
20
free radical
an atom or group of atoms with an unpaired electron in the outermost shell
21
chemical bonds
the forces that hold together the atoms of a molec or compound
21
compound
a substance that contains atoms of 2 or more diff elements
21
ionic bond
the force of attraction that holds together ions with opposite charges
22
valence shell
an atom's outermost electron shell
23
cation
a positively charged ion
24
covalent bond
the bond formed when 2+ atoms share electrons rather than gaining or losing them
25
anion
a negatively charged ion
26
electrolyte
an ionic compound that breaks apart into positive + negative ions in solution
27
triple covalent bond
covalent bond where 2 atoms share 3 prs electrons
27
single covalent bond
the covalent bond resulting when 2 atoms share 1 elec pair
28
hydrogen bond
bond forming when a hydrogen atom with a partial positive charge attracts the partial negative charge of neighboring electronegative atoms (usually O or N)
28
double covalent bond
covalent bond where 2 atoms share 2 prs of elecs
29
nonpolar covalent bond
covalent bond where 2 atoms share electrons equally
30
surface tension
a measure of the difficulty of stretching or breaking the surface of a liquid
resulting from hydrogen bonds linking neighboring water molecs
30
polar covalent bond
covalent bond where 2 atoms share atoms unequally
31
chemical reaction
occurs when new bonds form or old bonds break betw atoms
32
energy
the capacity to do work
33
potential energy
energy stored by matter due to its position
34
kinetic energy
energy associated iwth matter in motion
35
chemical energy
a form of potential energy that is stored in the bonds of compounds and molecules
36
exergonic reactions
reactions that release more energy than they absorb
37
activation energy
the collision energy needed to break the chemical bonds of the reactants
38
endergonic reactions
reactions that absorb more energy than they release
39
concentration effects on collision
the more particles of matter present in a confined space, the greater the change that they will collide
40
anabolism
synthesis reactions
collectively all the synthesis reactions that occur in the body
40
catalyst
chemical compound that speeds up chemical reactions by lowering activation energy for a reaction to occur
41
temperature effects on collision
as temp rises, particles of matter move about more rapidly
42
synthesis reactions
combine smaller atoms, ions, or molecs into larger molecs
43
decomposition reactions
split up large molecules into smaller atoms, ions, or molecs
44
catabolism
collection of decomposition reactions
45
exchange reactions
consist of both synthesis + decomposition reactions
46
reversible reaction
chemical reaction that is reversible meaning that products can revert back to original reactants
47
oxidation
loss of elecs
oxidized substance releases energy
48
Reduction
gain of elecs
reduced substance gains energy
49
oxidation-reduction reactions
always parallel, 1 substance oxidized, 1 reduced
50
inorganic compounds
usually lack C + structurally simple
51
organic compounds
always contain C, usually contain H, and always have covalent bonds
52
water
most important + abundant inorganic compound in all livng systems
53
solution
where a solvent dissolves a solute
54
solvent
substance that dissolves a solute
55
solute
substance that gets dissolved by a solvent
56
hydrophilic
water loving
dissolves easily in water (water soluble)
charge or contain polar covalent bonds
57
hydrophobic
water fearing
not very water-soluble
mainly nonpolar covalent bonds
58
hydrolysis
reaction where decomposition reactions break donw large molecules into smaller ones by addition of water molecules
water-splitting
59
high heat capacity
a substance's ability to absorb or release relatively large amount of heat with only small change in its own temperature
60
lubricating fluids
fluids that lubricate things in the body and moisten food and help things run smoothly
61
mixture
combination of elements or compounds that are physically blended together but not bound by chemical bonds
62
colloid
different from a solution because colloids have bigger partilces
63
suspension
suspended material max mix with liquid or suspending medium for a time, but will eventually settle out
64
concentration of solution
expressed as mass per volume percentage
65
mole
amount of any substance with mass = to sum of atomic masses of all its atoms
66
acid
proton donor
substance that dissociates into 1+ hydrogen ions (H+)
67
base
proton acceptor
removes H+ from solution
dissociates into OH- + 1 or more cations
68
salt
when dissolved in water dissociates into cations + anions
acids and bases react to form salts
69
buffer system
systems that function to convert strong acids or bases into weak acids or bases . help maintain pretty constant pH
70
buffers
chemical compounds that can convert strong acids or bases into weak ones
71
macromolecules
large molecules made up of small organic molecs. usually polymers
72
polymers
large molec formed by the covalent bonding of many identical or similar small building-block molecs call monomers
73
monomer
small building-block molecs
74
isomers
molecs that have the same molecular formula but diff structures
75
carbodydrates
sugars, glycogens, starhces, + cellulose
large + diverse group of organic compounds
76
monosaccharides
monomers of carbohydrates
simple sugar
77
disaccharide
molec formed from cobination of 2 monosaccharides by dehydration synthesis
simple sugar
78
polysaccharides
carbohydrate molec that contains many monosaccharides joined thru dyhydration synthesis
usually insoluble in water unlike simple sugars
79
glycogen
main polysaccharide in human body
make entirely of glucose monomers
80
lipids
group organic compounds
insoluble in polar solvents
hydrophobic
not soluble in water
81
lipoproteins
lipid molecs joined with hydrophilic protein molecs so that they can dissolve in blood plasma
82
saturated fatty acid
contains 1 covalent bond between carbon atoms of hydrocarbon chain
completely saturated with hydrogen atoms
83
unsaturated fatty acid
contains 1+ double covalent bonds betw carbon atoms of hydrocarbon chain
not completly saturated iwth hydrogen atoms
84
triglycerides
most plentiful lipids in body and diet
consist of glycerol molec + 3 fatty acid molecs
Body's most highly concentrated form of chemical energy
85
glycerol
molec that forms the backbone of a triglyceride
86
saturated fat
fat that mainly consists of saturated fatty acids
87
monounsaturated fats
contain triglycerides that moslty consist of monounsaturated fatty acides
olive oil, canola oil, nut oils, avocados
88
polyunsaturated fats
contain triglycerides that mostly consist of poly-unsaturated fatty acids
sunflower oil, soybean oils, fatty fish
89
phospholipids
polar lipids that contain phosphorous
have hydrophilic head (phosphate group) and 2 hydrophobic tails (fatty acids)
lipids that have glycerol back-bone and 2 fatty acid chains attached to 2 carbons and a phosphate group that has N as backbone
results in polar molec
90
steroids
lipid with 4 rings of C atoms
cholesterol, estrogens, testosterone, cortisol, bile salts, vit D
91
eicosanoids
lipids derived from 20-carbon fatty acid (arachidonic acid)
local hormones: induce swelling, inflammation, labor, athema attacks, blood clotting
92
proteins
large molecs that contain C, H, O, +N
more comlex structure than carbs or lipids
largely responsible for body tissue structure
enzymes
antibodies
some hormones
93
amino acids
building blocks of proteins
monomers of proteins
94
peptide bond
covalent bond joining each pair of amino acids in a protein
95
peptide
(4-9 amino acides)
96
polypeptide
(10-2000 or more amino acids)
97
denaturation
process by which a proetin unravels and loses its characteristic shape when it encounters an altered environemnt
98
enzymes
protein molecules that consist of a protein portion and a nonprotein portion
they catalyze reactions
99
3 important properties of enzymes
1. enzymes are highly specific (particular enzymes bind only to specific substrates at the active site)
2. Enzymes are very efficient
3. enzymes are subject to a variety of cellular controls
100
How does an enzyme work?
the substates make contact with the active site on the surface of the enzyme molecule, forming a temporary intermediate compound (called the enzyme-substrate complex).
2. The substrate molecules are transformed by the rearrangement of existing atoms, the breakdown of the substrate molecule, or the combination of several substrate molecules into products of the reaction.
3. After the reaction is completed and the reaction products move away form the enzyme, the unchanged enzyme is free to attach to other substrate molecules.
101
nucleic acids
huge organic molecules that contain C, H, O, N, P
-Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
- Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
102
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid
103
RNA
Ribonucleic acid
104
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)
nucleic acid that forms the inherited genetic material inside each human cell
105
gene
segment of a DNA molecule
determine traits we inherit and regulate most of body cell activities through controlling protein synthesis
106
RNA (ribonucleic acid)
nucleic acid that relays instructions from the genes to guide each cell's synthesis of proteins from amino acids
107
nucleotides
the chain of repeating monomers that nucleic acids are made of
108
3 parts of a nucleotide of DNA
1. Nitrogenous base (adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine)
2. Pentose sugar (deoxyribose)
3. Phosphate group
109
double helix
a model where DNA resembles a spiral ladder
(2 strands of alternating phosphate groups and deoxyribose sugars form the sides of the ladder and paired nucleotide bases form the rungs
110
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
energy currency of living systems
when hydrolyzed it becomes ADP
111
ATP
Adenosine triphosphate
112
ADP
Adenosine diphosphate
113
how is ADP produced?
a water molecule is added to ATP and the 3rd phosphate group is removed from ATP whihc results in a release of energy and the molecule ADP which is ATP with one less phosphate group.
114
ATPase
enzyme that catalyzes ATP hydrolysis
115
Anaerobic phase
phase without oxygen present
116
Aerobic phase
phase with oxygen present
