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BIOL235 > BIOL235_Chap5 > Flashcards

BIOL235_Chap5 Flashcards

1
Q

Integumentary System

A

System composed of skin, hair, oil and sweat glands, nails and sensory receptors.

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2
Q

Skin

A

Cutaneous membrane

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3
Q

Cutaneous membrane

A

covers body’s external surface and is largest organ by weight

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4
Q

Epidermis

A

superficial, thinner and upper portion of skin
Avascular
no bleeding if broken

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5
Q

Dermis

A

Deeper/thicker connective tissue portion of skin
Vascular
bleeding if broken

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6
Q

Subcutaneous layer

A

hypodermis

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7
Q

Subcutaneous layer

A

not part of skin. fibers from the dermis anchor skin to this layer

areolar + adipose tissues

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8
Q

Lamellated corpuscles (pacinian corpuscles)

A

nurve endings where the large blood vessels that supply the skin are

sensitive to pressure

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9
Q

4 Epidermis cells

A

keratinocytes
melanocytes
intraepidermal macrophages
tactile epithelial cells

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10
Q

keratinocytes

A

90% of epidermal cells
produce protein keratin
produce lamellar granules

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11
Q

Melanocytes

A

8% of epidermal cells
produce melanin pigment

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12
Q

Melanin

A

yellow-red or brown-black pigment absorbs damaging UV light. protect from UV light on the skin

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13
Q

intraepidermal macrophages = langerhans cells

A

small fraction of epidermis cells
immune responses . help other cells of hte immune system recognize an invading microbe + desroy invading microbe

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14
Q

Tactile epithelial cells = Merkel cells

A

least numerous epidermal cells
deepest layer of epidermis
contact tactile disc/Merkel disc

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15
Q

thin skin

A

the 4 strata of epidermis that most regions of the body have

(Stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, + thin stratum corneum)

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16
Q

thick skin

A

the 5 layers of the epidermis the body has at points of high friction (fingertips, palms, soles etc.)

(Stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum + thick stratum corneum)

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17
Q

Stratum basale

A

deepest layer of epidermis
some are stem cells

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18
Q

Stratum spinosum

A

2nd deepest epidermis layer
keratinocytes produced from below in stratum basale layer
some can still divide.

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19
Q

Stratum granulosum

A

3rd deepest layer of epidermis (middle layer of epidermis)
3-5 layers of keratinocytes undergoing apoptosis (dying)

keratohyalin protein present

transition between deeper/metabolically active strata/layers and more superficial strata

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20
Q

lamellar granules

A

secretion deposited in between cell spaces of stratum granulosum, lucidum and corneum
water repellent sealant.

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21
Q

Stratum lucidum

A

layer/stratum of epidermis only presnt in thick skin areas - fingertips, palms, soles
dead keratinocytes with lots of keratin and thickened plasma membranes.

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22
Q

Stratum Corneum

A

Uppermost layer of epidermis
lots of dead keratinocytes. thin cells. final product of differentiation process.

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23
Q

Callus

A

constant exposure of skin to friction stimulates inc cell + keratin production and forms thickening of stratum corneum

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24
Q

Keratinization

A

the process by which cells move from one epidermal layer to the next accumulating increasing levels of keratin

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25
Q

Epidermal growth factor

A

hormonelike protein that plays a role in how cell division rates in the stratum basale inc when outer layers of the epidermis are stripped away like in abrasions and burns

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26
Q

dandruff

A

excessive amount of keratinized cells shed from skin of scalp

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27
Q

Dermis

A

deeper part of the skin
composed of dense irregular connective tissue contaning collagen + elastic fibers
great tensile strength + elasticity
dried + treated = leather
blood vessles, nerves, glands + hair follicles within
essential to epidermis survival

-thin superficial papillary region + thick deeper reticular region

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28
Q

Papillary region

A

very thin layer of dermis.
has dermal papillae

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29
Q

Dermal papillae

A

small, nipple-shaped structures that project into the undersurface of the epidermis.
contain capillary loops (blood vessels)
sometimes contain corpuscles of touch (Meissner corpuscles
some contain free nerve endings

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30
Q

Corpuscles of touch

A

(Meissner corpuscles)
nerve endings that are sensitive to touch

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31
Q

Free nerve endings

A

dendrites that lack any apparent structureal specialization
give rise to sensations of warmth, coolnes, pain, tickling + itching

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32
Q

reticular region

A

region of the dermis attached to the subcutaneous layer
regular orientation of large collagen fibers makes skin resisst stretching
between fibers = blood vessles, nerves, hair follicles, sebaceous glands, sudoriferous glands

-fibers give skin extensibility + elasticity

33
Q

extensibility

A

ability to stretch

34
Q

elasticity

A

ability to return to original shape after stretching

35
Q

Epidermal ridges

A

ridges + grooves of palms, fingers, soles, and toes that appear either as stright lines or as a pattern of loops and whorls like fingerprints.
produced - 3rd month fetal development

create strong bond between epidermis and dermis in high stress areas

36
Q

Fingerprints + footprints form bec

A

sweat gland ducts open on the tops of epidermal ridges as sweat pores, so the sweat makes prints when they touch a smooth surface.

37
Q

Melanin + Hemoglobin + Carotene

A

skin colour pigments

38
Q

Melanin

A

pale yellow to reddish brown to black skin

melanin produced cells are most plentiful in epidermis of breast nipples, areolae, face, limbs

39
Q

differences in skin colour due mainly to…

A

the amount of pigment the malanocytes produce and transfer to keratinocytes

40
Q

Hairs = pili

A

present on most skin surfaces
thickness + pattern largely determined by genetics and hormones

41
Q

hair is composed of…

A

columns of dead, keratinized epidermal cells bonded together by extracellular proteins

42
Q

Hair Shaft

A

superficial portion of the hair which projects above the surface of the skin

43
Q

hair root

A

portion of the hair deep to the shaft that penetrates into the dermis and sometimes the subcutaneous layer

44
Q

hair layers

A

medulla, cortext, cuticle

45
Q

medula

A

inner layer of hair, (may not be in thinner hair)

46
Q

cortex

A

middle layer of hair,

47
Q

epithelial root sheath

A

external + internal hair root sheath together

47
Q

hair follicle

A

surrounds root of hair.
made up of internal + external root sheath
cellular tubular sheath of epithelium betw external root sheath and hair

48
Q

cuticle

A

outermost layer of hair

49
Q

dermal root sheath

A

dense dermis surrounding hair follicle

50
Q

hair bulb

A

onion-shaped structure at the base of each hair follicle and its surrounding dermal root sheath

51
Q

papilla of hair

A

nipple-shaped indentation housed by the hair bulb
contains areolar ct + blood vessels to nourish growing hair follicle

52
Q

hair matrix

A

germinal layer of cells contained by the hair bulb

53
Q

arrector pili

A

smooth muscle associated with hair
enable goose bumps where hair stands at 90 degrees to skin

54
Q

sebaceous glands = oil glands

A

simple branched acinar (rounded glands). generally connected to hair follicles.
absent on palms and heals,

55
Q

sebum

A

oily substane secreted by sebaceous glands
keeps hair from drying out

56
Q

sudoriferous glands = sweat glands

A

release sweat, perspiration

eccrine or appocrine

57
Q

eccrine sweat glands

A

simple coiled tubular glands
very common
help regulate body temp thru evaporation
exocytosis secretion

58
Q

thermoregulation

A

homeostatic regulation of body temp

59
Q

apocrine sweat glands

A

less common
simple tubular coiled glands but larger ducts
exocytosis secretion
emotional sweating

60
Q

ceruminous glands

A

modified swat glands in the external ear
produce earwax/cerumen

61
Q

cerumen

A

ear wax

62
Q

nails

A

plates of tightly packed, hard, dead, keratinized epidermal cells that form clear, solid covreing over dorsal surfaces of teh distal portions of digits

63
Q

components of a nail (3)

A

nail body (plate) (visible portion of nail)

free edge (extends past end of finger)

nail root (buried in a fold of skin

64
Q

lunula

A

whiteish crescent shaped area of proximal end of nail body

65
Q

hyponychium

A

region of stratum corneum beneath free edge
junciton bet free edge and skin of fingertip, secures nail to finger

66
Q

nail bed

A

skin below nail plate

67
Q

eponychium

A

cuticle, narrow band of epidermis that is around the lateral border of the nail securing it from the sides

68
Q

hangnail

A

torn piece of skin at the side or base of fingernail or toenail

69
Q

nail matrix

A

portion of epithelium proximal to nail root, superficial matrix cells divide mitotically to produce new nail cells
determines nail growth rate

70
Q

nail functions (3)

A
  1. protect distal ends of digits
  2. provide support/counterpressure to palmar surface of fingers to enhance touch perception + manipulation
  3. allow grasping + manipulating of small objects and body grooming/scratching
71
Q

major types of skin (2)

A

thin (hairy) skin
thick (hairless) skin

72
Q

thermoregulation

A

homeostatic regulation of body temp

73
Q

blood reservoir

A

skin acts as a blood reservoir bec dermis houses an extensive network of blood vessels that carry 8-10% of total blood flow in resting adult

74
Q

how does skin provide protection?

A

keratin protects underlying tissues from microbes, abrasion, heat, chemicals etc.
inhibit water evap/ protect from dehydration

75
Q

cutaneous sensations

A

sensations that arise in the skin (touch, pressure, vibration, tickling) warmth/coolness

76
Q

excretion

A

elimination of substances from the body

77
Q

absorption

A

passage of materials from external environment into body cells

78
Q

synthesis of vit D

A

requires activation of precursor molec in skin by ultraviolet rays in sunlight
enzymes in liver/kidneys than modify activated molec finnally producing calcitriol which is most active from of D, hormone calcitriol acts aid for Ca absoprtion in gastrointestinal tract
(10-15 min 2x/wk)

BIOL235 (8 decks)

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