BIOL235_Chap7 Flashcards
1
Q
musculoskeletal system
A
integrated system of bones + muscles + joints
2
Q
2 divisions of adult skeleton
A
axial (80)
appendicular (126)
3
Q
how many bones in axial skeleton?
A
80
4
Q
how many bones in appendicular skeleton?
A
126
5
Q
upper + lower limbs + girdle bones
A
appendicular skeleton
6
Q
bones of the axial skeleton
A
skull
hyoid bone
auditory ossicles
vertebral column
thorax
7
Q
bones of the appendicular skeleton
A
pectoral/shoulder girdles
upper limbs
pelvic/hip girdle
lower limbs
8
Q
long bones
A
greater length than width
shaft + variable # of extremities or epiphyses/ends
mostly compact bones in diaphyses, but spongy in epiphyses
9
Q
short bones
A
equal in length + width
cube-shaped
10
Q
flat bones
A
thin/composed of 2 nearly parallel plates of ocmpact bone tissue enclosing layer of spongy bone tissue
attachment points
cranial bones, sternum,
rips, scapulae
11
Q
examples of long bones
A
femur
tibia/fibula
humerus
ulna + radius
phalanges
12
Q
examples of short bones
A
carpal/wrist
tarsal/ankle
13
Q
examples of flat bones
A
cranial
sternum
ribs
scapulae
14
Q
examples of irregular bones
A
vertebrae
hip bones
some facial bones
calcaneus
15
Q
irregular bones
A
complex shapes, cannot be grouped with other categories
vary in amount of spongy + compact bone
16
Q
examples of sesamoid bones
A
patellae/kneecaps
ones in quadriceps femoris tendon
17
Q
sesamoid bones
A
in tendons where friction, tension, physical stress,
vary in #
not always ossified
usually small/few milimeters diameter
protect tendons from excessive wear/tear
better mechanical advantage of joint
18
Q
sutural bones
A
small bones located in sutures/joints betw certain cranial bones
# varies
classified by location
19
Q
what are the bones that have red bone marrow in adults?
A
flat bones like rips, sternum, skull, irregular bones like vertebrae, hip bones, long bones such as proximal epiphyses of femur + humerus, some short bones
20
Q
what do long bones do?
A
slightly curved for strength
21
Q
5 types of bones
A
long bones
short bones
flat bones
irregular bones
sesamoid bones (sesame shaped)
(classified by location)
sutural bones (not classified by shape but by location)
22
Q
bones have ___
A
characteristic surface markings
23
Q
surface markings
A
structural featurs adapted for specific functions
develop in respons to forces as you mature
24
Q
2 major types of surface markings
A
depressions + openings
25
What do depressions + openings do?
sites that allow passage of soft tissue (nerves, bv's, ligaments, tendons) or formation of joints
26
fissure
narrow slit betw adjacent parts of bones thru which blood vessels or nerves pass
ex. superior orbital fissure of sphenoid bone
27
foramen (foramina pleural)
opening thru which bv's, nerves, or ligaments pass
ex. optic foramen of sphenoid bone
28
fossa (pleural fossae)
shallow depression
ex. coronoid fossa of humerus
29
sulcus (pleural sulci) groove
furrow along bone surfac that accommodats bv's, nerve, or tendon
ex. intertubercular sulcus of humerus
30
meatus (pleural meati)
tubelike opening
ex. external auditory meatus of temporal bone
31
5 types of depressions/openings
fissure
foramen
fossa
sulcus
meatus
32
what are bone processes?
projections/outgrowths on bone that form joints or attachment points for CT, like ligaments or tendons
33
processes that form joints
condyle
facet
head
34
condyle
large, round protuberance with smooth articular surface at end of bone
ex. lateral condyle of femur
35
facet
smooth,flat, slightly concave or convex articular surface
ex. superior articular facet of vertebra
36
head
usually rounded articular projection supported on neck (constructed portion) of bone
ex. head of femur
37
7 processes that form attachment points for CT
crest
epicondyle
line
spinous process
trochanter
tubercle
tuberosity
38
crest
prominent ridge or elongated projection
ex. iliac crest of hip bone
39
epicondyle
typically roughened projection above condyle
ex. medial epicondyle of femur
40
line
long, narrow ridge or border (less prominent than crest)
ex. linea aspera of femur
41
spinous process
sharp, slender projection
ex. spinous process of vertebra
42
trochanter
very large projection
ex. greater trochanter of femur
43
tubercle
variably sized rounded projection
ex. greater tubercle of humerus
44
tuberosity
variably sized projection that has a rough, bumpy surface
ex. ishial tuberosity of hip bone
45
skull
bony framework of head
22 bones
cranial + facial bones
46
facial bones
14
bones of face
nasal bones
maxillae
zygomatic bones
mandible
lacrimal bones
palatine
inferior nasal conchae
vomer
47
cranial bones
form cranial cavity - encloses + protects brain
8
frontal
parietal
temporal
occipital
sphenoid
ethmoid
48
general features + functions of skull
form large cranial cavity + smaller cavities (nasal + orbits)
sutures attach skull bones
lost of surface markings - foramina + fissures for bv's + nerves
protect brain + stabilize positions of brain, bv's, lymphatic vessels, nerves thru attachment of inner surfaces to meninges
attachment points for head muscles
protect + support delicate special sense organs (vision, taste, smell, hearing, equilibrium/balance)
49
which is the only movable bone in the skull?
mandible
50
frontal bone
cranial bone that forms forehead
roofs orbits
most anterior part of cranial floor
51
parietal bones
2 cranial bones that form the greater portion of the sides + roof of cranial cavity
52
temporal bones
2 cranial bones that form inferior lateral aspects of cranium + part of cranial floor
zygomatic arch: zygomatic process articulates with temporal process of zygomatic cheek bone
mandibular fossa
mastoid portion
petrous portion
53
zygomatic process
part of the temporal squama (thin flat part of temporal bone arnd ear) that articulates with temporal process of zygomatic bone resulting in zygomatic arch
54
mandibular fossa
socket located on inferior posterior surface of zygomatic process of each temporal bone
55
mastoid portion
part of the temporal bone located posterior + inferior to external auditory meatus/ear canal.
56
petrous portion
part of temporal bone at floor of cranial cavity
57
occipital bone
forms posterior part + most of base of cranium
back of head
foramen magnum
occipital condyles
58
foramen magnum
inferior part of occipital bone
59
occipital condyles
oval processes with convex surfaces on either side of foramen magnum
articulate with first cervical vertebra/atlas
allows nodding head motion
60
sphenoid bone
keystone of cranial floor
articulates with all other cranial bones
middle of base of skull
butterfly-shaped
cranial bone
61
ethmoid bone
delicate cranial bone in anterior of cranial floor medial to orbits
posterior to nasal bones
62
nasal bones
paired facial bones that are small, flattened, rectangular-shaped bones that form bridge of nose.
protect upper entry to nasal cavity + attachment for facial expression muscles
resting place for glasses bridge
63
lacrimal bones
paired facial bones that are think and look like fingernail in size + shape
teardrop bones
smallest bones of face
posterior + lateral to nasal bones + form part of medial wall of each orbit
houses lacrimal sac which gathers tears + passes to nasal cavity
64
palatine bones
2 L-shaped facial bones forming posterior portion of hard palate, part of floor + lateral wall of nasal cavity + small portion of orbit floors
65
inferior nasal conchae
2 facial turbinates, which are inferior to middle nasal conchae of ethmoid bones, are seperate bones, not part of ethmoid bone
part of inferior lateral wall of nasal cavity + project into nasal cavity
inc surface area of nasal cavity
66
turbinates
inferior nasal conchae
67
vomer
triangular facial bone on floor of nasal cavity that articulates superiorly with ethmoid bone + sphenoid bone + inferiorly with maxillae + palatine bones along midline
forms inferior portion of bondy nasal septum
devides nasal cavity into right + left
68
maxillae
paired facial bones uniting to -> upper jawbone
articulate with every bone of face except mandible
form most of hard palate
69
hard palate
facial bones that are bony roof of mouth + formed by palatine processes of maxillae + horizontal plates of palatine bones
separates nasal cavity from oral cavity
70
maxillary sinuss
contained by each maxilla
empties into nasal cavity
union + fusion of maxillary bones normally completed before birth, if fusion fails = cleft palate
71
zygomatic bones
2 facial bones
cheekbones
articulate with frontal, maxilla, sphenoid, + temporal bones
temporal process articulates with zygomatic process of temporal bone = zygomatic arch
72
mandible
facial bone
lower jawbone
largest + strongest facial bone
only movable skull bone
articulates with mandibular fossa + articular tubercle of temporal bone = temporomandibular joint
73
temporomandibular joint (TMJ)
joint betw mandible + temporal bone
74
nasal septum
vertical partition of nasal cavity into right + left
bone + cartilage
vomer + septal cartilage + perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone
75
3 components of nasal septum
vomer
septal cartilage
perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone
76
orbit
eye socket
formed by 7 bones of skull
contains eyeball
bones: frontal, sphenoid, ethomid, palatine, zygomatic, lacrimal, maxilla
77
7 bones making up orbit
frontal
sphenoid
ethmoid
palatine
zygomatic
lacrimal
maxilla
78
foramina
openings of skull for blood vessels, nerves, ligaments
79
suture
immovable joint that holds most skull bones together
80
4 prominent skull sutures
coronal suture
sagittal suture
lambdoid suture
squamous sutures
81
coronal suture
unites front bone + both parietal bones
temple area
82
sagittal suture
unites 2 parietal bones of superior midline of skull
sagitt = arrow
suture + fontanels arrow shaped in infant
83
lambdoid suture
unites 2 parietal bones to occipital bone
84
squamous sutures
2, unite parietal + temporal bones on lateral aspects of skull
85
paranasal sinuses
cavities within certain cranial + facial bones near nasal cavity
lined with mucous membranes - continuous with lining of nasal cavity
secretions produced by mucous membranes drain into lateral wall of nasal cavity
86
fontanels
incompletely developed carnial bones
soft spots
areas where unossified mesenchyme develops into dense CT of skull
provide fetal skull flexibility for passage thru birth canal + permit rapid brain growth during infancy
87
hyoid bone
U-shaped bone in axial skeleton
doesn't articulate with anything
suspended from styloid processes of temporal bones by ligaments + muscles
in anterior neck betw mandible + larynx
88
vertebral column
spine, backbone, spinal column
composed of 26 vertebrae in adults
consists of bone + CT, surrounds + protects spinal cord
supports head, serves as pnt of attachment for ribs, pelvic girdle + muscles of back + upper limbs
89
vertebrae
series of bones in vertebral column
90
adult vertebral column typically contains how many vertebrae?
26
91
cervical vertebrae
neck region
7
92
thoracic vertebrae
posterior to thoracic cavity
12
93
lumbar vertebrae
supporting lower back
5
94
sacrum
consisting of 5 fused sacral vertebrae
1
95
coccyx
usually consisting of 4 fused coccygeal vertebrae
1
96
normal curves
4 slight bends in adult vertebral column when viewed from teh side
curves inc strength
97
4 normal curves
cervical
lumbar
thoracic
sacral
98
cervical and lumbar curves
convex buling out relative to the front of the body
99
thoracic and sacral curves
concave, cupping in relative to front of body
100
fetus has
single anteriorly concave curve
101
intervertebral discs
found betw bodies of adjacent vertebrae from 2nd cervical vertabra to sacrum
has an outer fibrous ring consisting of fibrocartilage (annulus fibrosus) and inner solft pulpy highly elastic substance (nucleus pulposa)
102
intervertebral discs form...
strong ojints, permit various movements of vertebral column + absorb vertical shock
under compression they flatten + broaden
discs compress during day + lose water from cartilage
rehydration + less compression during night, get taller in mornign
103
annulus firbosus
outer fibrous ring of intervertebral discs consisting of fibrocartilage
104
nucelus pulposus
inner soft, pulpy, highly elastic substance of intervertebral discs
105
parts of a vertebrae
vertebral body
vertebral arch
processes
106
vertebral body
thick, disc-shaped anterior portion of vertebrae
Thick main part of vertebrae
weight-bearing part
contain nut foramina for bv's
107
vertebral arch
The part surrounding the spinal cord that isn't the vertebral body
2 short, thick processes (pedicles) which project posteriorly from vertebral body to unit with flat laminae to form arch
together with vertebral body surround spinal cord formign vertebral foramen
108
vertebral foramen
hole for spinal cord to go through formed by vertebral body + vertebral arch
109
processes
parts arising from vertebral arch
7 processes arising from vertebral arch
spinous process (spine) is important one
110
spinous process
spine
the main process arising from the laminae junction
or the middle of the vertebral arch
111
cervical vertebrae
smallest vertebrae except for those of coccyx
C1-C7
atlas = C1
C2 = axis
112
axis
C2
does have vertebral body
113
atlas
C1
ring of bone
NO body or spinal process
114
odontoid process
peglike process on axis projeting superiorly thru anterior portion of vertebral foramen of atlas
allows pivot for atlas and head to rotate
allows side to side movemnt
115
thoracic vertebrae
larger + stronger than cervical
long spinous processes, laterally flattened, directed inferiorly
articulate with ribs
116
lumbar vertebrae
largest + strongest unfused vertebrae
short + thick projections
117
sacrum
triangular bone formed by fusion of 5 sacral vertebrae
strong foundation for pelvic girdle
females = shorter + wider + more curved than males
118
coccyx
triangular tailbone portion
formed by fusion of 4 coccygeal vertebrae
females = points inferiorly to allow passage of baby, points anteriorly in males
119
manubrium
superior part of sternum
120
body
middle + largest part of sernum
121
xiphoid process
inferior part of sternum
122
3 parts of sternum
manubrium (superior)
body (middle)
xiphoid process (inferior)
123
sternal angle
junction formed by manubrium + body of sternum
124
suprasternal notch
depression on the superior surface fo the manubrium of sternum
125
clavicular notches
notches that articulate with medial ends of clavicles to form sternoclavicular joints
126
sternoclavicular joints
formed by medial ends of clavicles articulation with clavicular notches
127
thorax
chest region
128
thoracic cage
skeletal part of thorax
bony enclosure formed by sternum, rips, costal cartilages, bodeis of thoracic vertebrae
129
sternum
breastbone
flat narrow
center of anterior thoracic wall
130
ribs
12 pairs
structural support to thoracic cavity sides
131
ribs 1-7
inc in length
132
ribs 7-12
dec in length
133
each rib articulates posetriorly with its corresponding ___ ___
thoracic vertebra
134
sternocostal joints
articulations formed betw true ribs + sternum
135
floating (vertebral) ribs
11-12 pairs of rips
costal cartilages at anterior ends do not attach to sternum
only attach posteriorly to thoracic vertebra
136
costal cartilage
hyaline cartilage direct providing anterior attachment to sternum for ribs (prs 1-7)
137
false ribs
prs 8-12
don't attach or only indirectly attach to sternum
