BIOL235_Chap7 Flashcards
musculoskeletal system
integrated system of bones + muscles + joints
2 divisions of adult skeleton
axial (80)
appendicular (126)
how many bones in axial skeleton?
80
how many bones in appendicular skeleton?
126
upper + lower limbs + girdle bones
appendicular skeleton
bones of the axial skeleton
skull
hyoid bone
auditory ossicles
vertebral column
thorax
bones of the appendicular skeleton
pectoral/shoulder girdles
upper limbs
pelvic/hip girdle
lower limbs
long bones
greater length than width
shaft + variable # of extremities or epiphyses/ends
mostly compact bones in diaphyses, but spongy in epiphyses
short bones
equal in length + width
cube-shaped
flat bones
thin/composed of 2 nearly parallel plates of ocmpact bone tissue enclosing layer of spongy bone tissue
attachment points
cranial bones, sternum,
rips, scapulae
examples of long bones
femur
tibia/fibula
humerus
ulna + radius
phalanges
examples of short bones
carpal/wrist
tarsal/ankle
examples of flat bones
cranial
sternum
ribs
scapulae
examples of irregular bones
vertebrae
hip bones
some facial bones
calcaneus
irregular bones
complex shapes, cannot be grouped with other categories
vary in amount of spongy + compact bone
examples of sesamoid bones
patellae/kneecaps
ones in quadriceps femoris tendon
sesamoid bones
in tendons where friction, tension, physical stress,
vary in #
not always ossified
usually small/few milimeters diameter
protect tendons from excessive wear/tear
better mechanical advantage of joint
sutural bones
small bones located in sutures/joints betw certain cranial bones
# varies
classified by location
what are the bones that have red bone marrow in adults?
flat bones like rips, sternum, skull, irregular bones like vertebrae, hip bones, long bones such as proximal epiphyses of femur + humerus, some short bones
what do long bones do?
slightly curved for strength
5 types of bones
long bones
short bones
flat bones
irregular bones
sesamoid bones (sesame shaped)
(classified by location)
sutural bones (not classified by shape but by location)
bones have ___
characteristic surface markings
surface markings
structural featurs adapted for specific functions
develop in respons to forces as you mature
2 major types of surface markings
depressions + openings
What do depressions + openings do?
sites that allow passage of soft tissue (nerves, bv’s, ligaments, tendons) or formation of joints
fissure
narrow slit betw adjacent parts of bones thru which blood vessels or nerves pass
ex. superior orbital fissure of sphenoid bone
foramen (foramina pleural)
opening thru which bv’s, nerves, or ligaments pass
ex. optic foramen of sphenoid bone
fossa (pleural fossae)
shallow depression
ex. coronoid fossa of humerus
sulcus (pleural sulci) groove
furrow along bone surfac that accommodats bv’s, nerve, or tendon
ex. intertubercular sulcus of humerus
meatus (pleural meati)
tubelike opening
ex. external auditory meatus of temporal bone
5 types of depressions/openings
fissure
foramen
fossa
sulcus
meatus
what are bone processes?
projections/outgrowths on bone that form joints or attachment points for CT, like ligaments or tendons
processes that form joints
condyle
facet
head
condyle
large, round protuberance with smooth articular surface at end of bone
ex. lateral condyle of femur
facet
smooth,flat, slightly concave or convex articular surface
ex. superior articular facet of vertebra
head
usually rounded articular projection supported on neck (constructed portion) of bone
ex. head of femur
7 processes that form attachment points for CT
crest
epicondyle
line
spinous process
trochanter
tubercle
tuberosity
crest
prominent ridge or elongated projection
ex. iliac crest of hip bone
epicondyle
typically roughened projection above condyle
ex. medial epicondyle of femur
line
long, narrow ridge or border (less prominent than crest)
ex. linea aspera of femur
spinous process
sharp, slender projection
ex. spinous process of vertebra
trochanter
very large projection
ex. greater trochanter of femur
tubercle
variably sized rounded projection
ex. greater tubercle of humerus
tuberosity
variably sized projection that has a rough, bumpy surface
ex. ishial tuberosity of hip bone
skull
bony framework of head
22 bones
cranial + facial bones
facial bones
14
bones of face
nasal bones
maxillae
zygomatic bones
mandible
lacrimal bones
palatine
inferior nasal conchae
vomer
cranial bones
form cranial cavity - encloses + protects brain
8
frontal
parietal
temporal
occipital
sphenoid
ethmoid
general features + functions of skull
form large cranial cavity + smaller cavities (nasal + orbits)
sutures attach skull bones
lost of surface markings - foramina + fissures for bv’s + nerves
protect brain + stabilize positions of brain, bv’s, lymphatic vessels, nerves thru attachment of inner surfaces to meninges
attachment points for head muscles
protect + support delicate special sense organs (vision, taste, smell, hearing, equilibrium/balance)
which is the only movable bone in the skull?
mandible
frontal bone
cranial bone that forms forehead
roofs orbits
most anterior part of cranial floor
parietal bones
2 cranial bones that form the greater portion of the sides + roof of cranial cavity
temporal bones
2 cranial bones that form inferior lateral aspects of cranium + part of cranial floor
zygomatic arch: zygomatic process articulates with temporal process of zygomatic cheek bone
mandibular fossa
mastoid portion
petrous portion
zygomatic process
part of the temporal squama (thin flat part of temporal bone arnd ear) that articulates with temporal process of zygomatic bone resulting in zygomatic arch
mandibular fossa
socket located on inferior posterior surface of zygomatic process of each temporal bone