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BIOL235 > BIOL235_Chap1 > Flashcards

BIOL235_Chap1 Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy

A

science of body structures and relationships between them

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2
Q

Physiology

A

science of bodyfunctions - science of how the body parts work

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3
Q

Body’s 6 levels of structural organization

A
  1. chemical level
  2. cellular level
  3. tissue level
  4. organ level
  5. system (organ-system) level
  6. Organismal level
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4
Q

Chemical level of structural organization

A

letters of the alphabet
atoms and molecules

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5
Q

Cellular level of structural organization

A

words, smallest elements that make sense
molecules combined to form cells

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6
Q

Tissue level of structural organization

A

words put together to form sentences
tissues are groups of cells and the materials surrounding them that work together to perform a particular function

4 types: epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscular tissue, + nervous tissue

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7
Q

organismal level of structural organization

A

the whole book
organism = any living individual , all the parts of the human body functioning together constitute the total organism

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8
Q

Organ level of structural organization

A

different types of tissues are joined together to form organs
paragraphs of sentences
organs are structures that are composed of 2+ diff types of tissues, they have specific functions and usually recognizable shapes

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9
Q

System (organ-system) level of structural organization

A

a chapter of paragraphs
a system consists of related organs (paragraphs) with a common function

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10
Q

atom

A

smallest units of matter that participate in chemical reactions

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11
Q

molecules

A

2+ atoms joined together

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12
Q

cells

A

the basic structural + function units of an organism that are composed of chemicals

smallest living units of the human body

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13
Q

tissues

A

groups of cells and the materials surrounding them that work together to perform a particular function

-epithelial, connective, muscular, + nervous

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14
Q

4 types of tissues

A
  1. epithelial
  2. connective
  3. muscular
  4. nervous
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15
Q

organs

A

structures that are composed of 2+ different types of tissues; they have specific functions and usually recognizable shapes

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16
Q

system

A

consists of related organs with a common function

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17
Q

organism

A

all the parts of the human body functioning together constitute the total organism

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18
Q

anabolism

A

phase of metabolism which involves the building up of complex chemical substances from smaller, simpler components

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19
Q

Metabolism

A

the sum of all chemical processes that occur in the body
2 phases: anabolism + catabolism

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20
Q

catabolism

A

phase of metabolism which involves the breakdown of complex chemical substances into simpler components

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21
Q

basic life processes

A
  1. metabolism
  2. responsiveness
  3. movement
  4. growth
  5. differentiation
  6. reproduction
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22
Q

responsiveness

A

the body’s ability to detect + respond to changes

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23
Q

movement

A

motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells, + tiny structures inside cells

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24
Q

differentiation

A

the development of a cell from an unspecialized to a specialized state

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24
Q

growth

A

an inc in body size that results from an inc in size of existing cells, an inc in number of cells, or both

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25
Q

reproduction

A

the formation of new cells for tissue growth, repair, or replacement
OR
the production of a new individual

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26
Q

intracellular fluid (ICF)

A

fluid within cells

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26
Q

homeostasis

A

the maintenance of relatively stable conditions in the body’s internal environment

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27
Q

body fluids

A

dilute, watery solutions containing dissolved chemicals that are found inside cells + surrounding them
intracellular fluid + extra-cellular fluid + interstitial fluid

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28
Q

Extracellular fluid (ECF)

A

fluid outside body cells

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29
Q

interstitial fluids

A

ECF (extracellular fluid) that fills narrow spaces between cells of tissues

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30
Q

Blood plasma

A

ECF within blood vessels

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31
Q

lymph

A

ECF in lymphatic vessels

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32
Q

cerebrospinal fluid

A

ECF around the brain + spinal cord

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33
Q

Usually, the body’s regulating systems that bring internal environment back into balance for homeostasis are:

A

nervous system + endocrine system, working together or independently to provide corrective measures

34
Q

synovial fluid

A

ECF in joints

35
Q

Aqueous humor OR vitreous body

A

ECF in the eyes

36
Q

receptor

A

body structure that monitors changes in controlled condition and sends input to a control center through an afferent pathway

37
Q

feedback system (feedback loop)

A

cycle of events in which the status of a body condition is monitored, evaluated, change, remonitored, reevaluated, etc.

38
Q

afferent pathway

A

pathway through which a receptor sends inputs to a control center

39
Q

input

A

to control center

usually in the form of nerve impulses or chemical signals

40
Q

control center

A

sets the narrow range or set point within which a controlled condition should be maintained, evaluates the input it receives from receptors, and generates output commands when they are needed

41
Q

output

A

from control center

usually through nerve impulses or hormones or other chemical signals

42
Q

efferent pathway

A

pathway through which a control center sends outputs to an effector

43
Q

response

A

effect that changes the controlled condition and produced by the effector

44
Q

effector

A

body structure that receives output from control center and produces a response or effect that changes the controlled condition

45
Q

negative feedback system

A

a feedback system which reverses a change in a controlled condition

will stop itself

46
Q

positive feedback system

A

feedback system which tends to strengthen or reinforce a change in one of the body’s controlled conditions

will continue until stopped by something - childbirth
can go on until kills

47
Q

anatomical position

A

the standard position of a region or part of the human body which descriptions assume the part is in

48
Q

prone

A

lying facedown

49
Q

supine

A

lying faceup

50
Q

regional names

A

head, neck, trunk, upper limbs, lower limbs

51
Q

posterior

A

nearer the back of the body

52
Q

directional terms

A

words that describe the position of one body part relative to another

53
Q

anterior

A

nearer the front of the body

53
Q

inferior

A

away from the head or lower part of a structure

53
Q

superior

A

toward the head or upper part of a strucuture

54
Q

medial

A

nearer the midline (a vertical line divides into equal right + left sides)

55
Q

lateral

A

farther from midline

56
Q

contralateral

A

on opposite side of body

56
Q

intermediate

A

between 2 structures

57
Q

ipsilateral

A

on same side of body

58
Q

proximal

A

nearer to attachment of a limb to the trunk, nearer the strucuture’s origin

59
Q

superficial

A

toward or on surface of body

59
Q

planes

A

imaginary flat surfaces that pass thru body parts

60
Q

distal

A

farther from point of attachment of limb to trunk, farther from origin

61
Q

deep

A

away from surface of body

62
Q

parasagittal plane

A

a sagittal plane that divides into unequal right + left sides

63
Q

sagittal plane

A

vertical plane
devides into = right + left sides

64
Q

midsagittal plane

A

a sagittal plane that runs through midline of body

65
Q

transverse plane = cross-sectional = horizontal plane

A

divides into superior + inferior

65
Q

frontal = coronal plane

A

divides into anterior (front) + posterior (back)

66
Q

oblique plane

A

plane that passes through at oblique angle (not 90)

67
Q

section

A

a cut of body or organ made along a plane

68
Q

body cavities

A

spaces that enclose internal organs

69
Q

cranial cavity

A

hollow space of the head formed by cranial bones and contains brain

70
Q

thoracic cavity = chest cavity

A

hollow space formed by ribs, the chest muscles, sternum, + thoracic portion of vertebral column

71
Q

pericardial cavity

A

filled space in the thoracic cavity that surrounds the heart

72
Q

pleural cavities

A

2 fluid-filled spaces in the thoracic cavity that each surround a lung

73
Q

abdominopelvic cavity

A

hollow spaces that extends from the diaphragm to the groin + is encircled by abdomiinal muscular wall + bones + muscles of pelvis

  • abdominal cavity + pelvic cavity
74
Q

abdominal cavity

A

superior portion of abdominopelvic cavity that contains stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small I, and most of large I.

75
Q

pelvic cavity

A

inferior portion of the abdominopelvic cavity that contains the urinary bladder, portions of large I, + internal organs of reproductive system

76
Q

viscera

A

organs inside thoracic + abdominopelvic cavities

77
Q

membrane

A

thin pliable tissue that covers, lines, partitions, or connects structures

78
Q

abdominopelvic regions

A

1st method of partitioning the abdominopelvic cavity
9 regions in tic-tac toe

commonly used for anatomical studies

79
Q

quadrats

A

2nd method of partitioning the abdominopelvic cavity
4 quadrats

commonly used by clinicians for describing site of pain, tumor or abnormality

BIOL235 (8 decks)

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