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BIOL > BIOL122 > Flashcards

BIOL122 Flashcards

1
Q

Order the 6 levels of organisation

A

1)chemical
2)cellular
3)Tissue
4)organ
5)organ system
6)organismal

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2
Q

What is transdifferentiation

A

Process of converting one mature cell type to another without going through a pluripotent cell

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3
Q

What are the 11 body systems

A

1) Integument
2) Skeletal
3)Muscular
4)Cardiovascular
5)Lymphatic and immune
6)Endocrine
7)Nervous
8)Respiratory
9)Digestive
10)Urinary
11)Reproductive

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4
Q

What is the integumentary system

A

(exterior stuff) e.g skin, hair nails, sweat and oil glands

It protects us, detects sensation and eliminates some waste (water/ions/urea in sweat)
Produces vitamin D component (completed in kidney)

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5
Q

What is the skeletal system

A

Bones, joints and cartilage

Supports and protects, attatches muscles, houses blood cell producing cells and stores minerals +lipids

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6
Q

what is the Muscular system

A

ONLY skeletal muscle

movement
posture stabilisation
heat generation

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7
Q

what is the Cardiovascular system

A

Blood, heart, blood vessels

Transport, temp regulation, water content regulation, disease defence, tissue repair

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8
Q

what is the Lymphatic/immune system

A

lymph fluid, lymph vessels and nodes, bone marrow, spleen, thymus, tonsils

Returns proteins and fluid to blood, carries lipids from GI tract to blood, protects against diseases and cancer

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9
Q

What is the Endocrine system

A

Hormone-producing glands

co-ordinates body functions
releases hormones

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10
Q

What is the nervous system

A

brain, spinal chord, nerves, sense organes (eyes and ears)

Generates nerve impulses to regulate body activity
detects stimuli and responds
Initiates muscle contraction or gland secretion
Monitor internal environment e.g baro and chemoreceptors in aorta

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11
Q

What is the respiratory system

A

lungs, airways, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchioles, alveoli

Gas exchange, regulates body fluid pH, speach via vocal chords

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12
Q

What is the digestive system

A

GI tract: Mouth, pharynx oesophagus, stomach, intestines
Accessory oragns: salivory gland, gall bladder, liver, pancreas

breaks down and absorbs food, removes solid waste

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13
Q

What is the urinary system

A

Kidney, ureters, bladder, urethra

Makes stores and releases urine, Eliminates waste, regulates blood, maintains body fluid pH, regulates red blood cell production

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14
Q

What is the reproductive system

A

Males: testes, epididymus, vas deferens, penis
Females: Ovaris, uterus, fallopian tubes, vagina

Gamete production and hormone release (regulates puberty) and reproduction

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15
Q

Name the type of secretion types in order of least to most damaging

A

1) Merocrine
2) Apocrine
3) Holocrine

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16
Q

What is merocrine secretion

A

Secretion released via golgi vesicles (not very damaging)

17
Q

What is apocrine secretion

A

Portion of the cell is released alongside organelles and secretory product

18
Q

What is holocrine secretion

A

A mature cell dying and the whole cell becomes the secretory product

19
Q

What is the difference between endocrine and exocrine

A

Endocrine remains inside the body (released into blood or similar)
Exocrine is released out of the body through a duct

20
Q

What is the difference between simple and compound multicellular glands and

A

The DUCT (external cells) branch in compound glands.
The glands may branch in simple but the duct will only branch in compound glands

21
Q

What are some functions of connecitve tissues

A

Supporting other tissues,
Protecting internal organs
compartmentalises (like the eye)
Transport (blood)
Immunity
Energy storage (adipose)

22
Q

What types of connective tissue are there

A

Loose, Dense, Cartilage, Bone, Blood

23
Q

What is Areolar tissue

A

Surrounds blood vessels and nerves (lots of space between collagen fibres) and contains lots of fibroblasts

24
Q

What is adipose tissue

A

Fat store that can act as a shock absorber and thermal insulator

25
Q

What is reticular tissue

A

Interwoven reticular fibres making the supporting framework in reticular organs

26
Q

What is dense connective tissue

A

Regular: packed parallel collagen fibres found where tension is exerted along axis of fibres
Irregular: Tension in different planes (irregular collogen)
Elastic: recoils easily (artery walls)

27
Q

What is cartilage

A

Hyaline: Found at end of bones
Found in joints (articular) for low friction
Elastic: flexible with more elastin (found in ear)
Fibrocartilage: Parallel collagen fibres making strong and rigid structure (invertebral discs)

28
Q

What is bone

A

Lots of collagen fibres with inorganic calcium salt matrix
Stores fat and synthesises blood in marrow

29
Q

Name the components of a homeostatic system

A

Receptor, control centre, effector and negative feedback

30
Q

What proportions of body weight is water in Newborns (neonatal), Male and Female

A

Neonatal: 80%
Male: 60%
Female: 50%

31
Q

What proportions of body fluids are in a human with 40 litres of fluid

A

3L of plasma
12L of interstitial luid
25L of intercellular fluid

32
Q

What is osmolality

A

The number of particles that have an osmotic effect

33
Q

What are the components of the urinary system

A

Kidneys, ureters, blader and urethra

34
Q

What are the terms for entry and exit in the kidneys

A

efferent (entry) and afferent (exit)

35
Q
A

BIOL (5 decks)

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