BIOL 131

Question 1

What is infarction

Answer 1

death of tissue following lack of blood supply

Question 2

What does myocardial mean

Answer 2

Heart muscle

Question 3

where does blood exit coronary veins

Answer 3

Coronary sinus then right atrium

Question 4

what protein is on the Tunica externa (outside of artery)

Answer 4

collagen

Question 5

What is thrombosis

Answer 5

blood clot in blood vessels or heart

Question 6

what is atheroma

Answer 6

lipid rich build up in artery

Question 7

What causes atheroma

Answer 7

Damage to endothelium in arteries and fatty diet

Question 8

What can an atheorma cause

Answer 8

Artery narrowing, thrombus formation, bleeding into plaque and aneurysm

Question 9

What is arteriolsclerosis

Answer 9

Thickening + hardening of artery wall

Question 10

What is Atherosclerosis

Answer 10

Thickening and hardening of HIGH PRESSURE artery wall via atheroma

Question 11

Acute myocardial infarction symptoms

Answer 11

Crushing chest pain, ECG change and altered cardiac muscle biomarker levels

Question 12

Examples of cardica biomarkers

Answer 12

Creatine kinase, myoglobin (after 2-3 hours), Troponin I and T (for cardiac muscle)

Question 13

what do troponins do

Answer 13

regulates the contraction of striated muscle

Question 14

why is troponin a biomarker of a myocardial infarction

Answer 14

Cellular components such as troponin are released into the bloodstream after cardiac damage

Question 15

How do you test for biomarkers

Answer 15

Lab samples or lateral flow tests

Question 16

How are myocardial infarctions treated

Answer 16

Thrombolytic agents and anticoagulants as well as coronary angioplasty and bypasses

Question 17

What conditions ccan diabeted be correlated to

Answer 17

hyperlipidemia and dementia

Question 18

What percent of people has type 1 diabetes

Answer 18

10%

Question 19

What are the liver cells that store glucose called

Answer 19

hepatocytes

Question 20

Which pancreatic cells release insulin and which release glucagon

Answer 20

alpha cells release glucagon and beta cells release insulin

Question 21

How does glucose entering the beta cell stimulate insulin production

Answer 21

It undergoes glycolysis to produce ATP which is used to close the potassium channel which depolarises the cell opening the calcium channel which then causes insulin to undergo exocytosis

Question 22

What causes type 1 diabeted

Answer 22

autoimmune destruction of beta cells

Question 23

what causes type 2 diabeted

Answer 23

Insulin resistance in the tissues caused by over nutrition/obesity

Question 24

what are ways to be tested for blood glucose

Answer 24

Fasting blood glucose, random blood glucose, oral glucose tolerance test and HbA1c

Question 25

How do you determine a Oral glucose tolerance test is positive

Answer 25

Diabeted is reading >11.1mmol/l IMpaired if 7.8-11 mmol/l

Question 26

How can blood glusoce be tested

Answer 26

Spectrophotometrically, Dry chemistry (multilayer film, glucose meter

Question 27

How is glycated haemoglobin measured (HbA1c)

Answer 27

As plasma glucose increases more HbA becomes glycated and HbA1c % and hospitals have reference ranges

Question 28

Name the 3 most common hosptital aquired infections

Answer 28

1) Pneumonia and other URTI) 22.8% 2) Urinary tract infections 17.2% 3) Surgical site infections 15.7%

Question 29

How is MRSA (methicillin resistant S. aureus) dealt with in hospitals

Answer 29

1) routine screening of staff and patients 2) Mantatory reporting of MRSA bacteremia (bacteria in blood)

Question 30

How does C. diffficile get out of control

Answer 30

Broad spectrum antibiotics kill other gut flora so C.diffficile numbers increase and more damaging toxins are released

Question 31

How are Healthcare aquired infections prevented

Answer 31

Patient environment is kept clean (sterilie) , regular handwashing and immunisation of staff

Question 32

Methods of sterilisation and disinfection

Answer 32

1) Heat 160-180 2) autoclave (pressure cooker) 3) Irradiation 4) filtration 5) Chemical

Question 33

How are high risk patients treated to prevent infections

Answer 33

propgylactic antibodies Short pre-operative time Minimum operation duration

Question 34

What percentage of each component are in blood

Answer 34

55% plasma 455 Red blood cells <1% White blood cells + platelets (buffy coat)

Question 35

What function do red blood cells have besides o2 transport

Answer 35

Can create carbonic acid to regulate blood pH

Question 36

What is the development of blood cells called

Answer 36

haemopoiesis

Question 37

What is the lifespan of a red blood cell

Answer 37

120 days (will travel about 300miles)

Question 38

How do you differentiate stained ganulocytes

Answer 38

Eosinophil picks up least methylene blue, basophil picks up most and neurtophils have a clear nucleus

Question 39

How does sickle cell anaemia arise

Answer 39

An abnormal Beta chain (one different protein Gluatmic acid to valine) causes haemoglobin chains to stick together when deoxygenated and get stuck

Question 40

How does thalassemia arise

Answer 40

Reduce rate of alpha OR beta globin chains resulting in mycrocytic (small) erythrocytes which are destroyed after being made resulting in anaemia

Question 41

what are some complications of blood transfusion

Answer 41

1) wrong blood given causing pain in chess, abdomen and vomiting 2) Iron overload -repeated transfusions without haemorrage causing iron deposits in organs 3) infections (Hiv ect)

Question 42

How did blood groups A and B arise

Answer 42

different sugars were added onto the original O antigen (one for A and another for B) and AB has both sugars but on different antigens