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BIOL > BIOL 131 > Flashcards

BIOL 131 Flashcards

1
Q

What is infarction

A

death of tissue following lack of blood supply

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2
Q

What does myocardial mean

A

Heart muscle

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3
Q

where does blood exit coronary veins

A

Coronary sinus then right atrium

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4
Q

what protein is on the Tunica externa (outside of artery)

A

collagen

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5
Q

What is thrombosis

A

blood clot in blood vessels or heart

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6
Q

what is atheroma

A

lipid rich build up in artery

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7
Q

What causes atheroma

A

Damage to endothelium in arteries and fatty diet

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8
Q

What can an atheorma cause

A

Artery narrowing, thrombus formation, bleeding into plaque and aneurysm

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9
Q

What is arteriolsclerosis

A

Thickening + hardening of artery wall

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10
Q

What is Atherosclerosis

A

Thickening and hardening of HIGH PRESSURE artery wall via atheroma

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11
Q

Acute myocardial infarction symptoms

A

Crushing chest pain, ECG change and altered cardiac muscle biomarker levels

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12
Q

Examples of cardica biomarkers

A

Creatine kinase, myoglobin (after 2-3 hours), Troponin I and T (for cardiac muscle)

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13
Q

what do troponins do

A

regulates the contraction of striated muscle

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14
Q

why is troponin a biomarker of a myocardial infarction

A

Cellular components such as troponin are released into the bloodstream after cardiac damage

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15
Q

How do you test for biomarkers

A

Lab samples or lateral flow tests

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16
Q

How are myocardial infarctions treated

A

Thrombolytic agents and anticoagulants as well as coronary angioplasty and bypasses

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17
Q

What conditions ccan diabeted be correlated to

A

hyperlipidemia and dementia

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18
Q

What percent of people has type 1 diabetes

A

10%

19
Q

What are the liver cells that store glucose called

A

hepatocytes

20
Q

Which pancreatic cells release insulin and which release glucagon

A

alpha cells release glucagon and beta cells release insulin

21
Q

How does glucose entering the beta cell stimulate insulin production

A

It undergoes glycolysis to produce ATP which is used to close the potassium channel which depolarises the cell opening the calcium channel which then causes insulin to undergo exocytosis

22
Q

What causes type 1 diabeted

A

autoimmune destruction of beta cells

23
Q

what causes type 2 diabeted

A

Insulin resistance in the tissues caused by over nutrition/obesity

24
Q

what are ways to be tested for blood glucose

A

Fasting blood glucose, random blood glucose, oral glucose tolerance test and HbA1c

25
Q

How do you determine a Oral glucose tolerance test is positive

A

Diabeted is reading >11.1mmol/l
IMpaired if 7.8-11 mmol/l

26
Q

How can blood glusoce be tested

A

Spectrophotometrically,
Dry chemistry (multilayer film, glucose meter

27
Q

How is glycated haemoglobin measured (HbA1c)

A

As plasma glucose increases more HbA becomes glycated and HbA1c % and hospitals have reference ranges

28
Q

Name the 3 most common hosptital aquired infections

A

1) Pneumonia and other URTI) 22.8%
2) Urinary tract infections 17.2%
3) Surgical site infections 15.7%

29
Q

How is MRSA (methicillin resistant S. aureus) dealt with in hospitals

A

1) routine screening of staff and patients
2) Mantatory reporting of MRSA bacteremia (bacteria in blood)

30
Q

How does C. diffficile get out of control

A

Broad spectrum antibiotics kill other gut flora so C.diffficile numbers increase and more damaging toxins are released

31
Q

How are Healthcare aquired infections prevented

A

Patient environment is kept clean (sterilie) , regular handwashing and immunisation of staff

32
Q

Methods of sterilisation and disinfection

A

1) Heat 160-180
2) autoclave (pressure cooker)
3) Irradiation
4) filtration
5) Chemical

33
Q

How are high risk patients treated to prevent infections

A

propgylactic antibodies
Short pre-operative time
Minimum operation duration

34
Q

What percentage of each component are in blood

A

55% plasma
455 Red blood cells
<1% White blood cells + platelets (buffy coat)

35
Q

What function do red blood cells have besides o2 transport

A

Can create carbonic acid to regulate blood pH

36
Q

What is the development of blood cells called

A

haemopoiesis

37
Q

What is the lifespan of a red blood cell

A

120 days (will travel about 300miles)

38
Q

How do you differentiate stained ganulocytes

A

Eosinophil picks up least methylene blue, basophil picks up most and neurtophils have a clear nucleus

39
Q

How does sickle cell anaemia arise

A

An abnormal Beta chain (one different protein Gluatmic acid to valine) causes haemoglobin chains to stick together when deoxygenated and get stuck

40
Q

How does thalassemia arise

A

Reduce rate of alpha OR beta globin chains resulting in mycrocytic (small) erythrocytes which are destroyed after being made resulting in anaemia

41
Q

what are some complications of blood transfusion

A

1) wrong blood given causing pain in chess, abdomen and vomiting
2) Iron overload -repeated transfusions without haemorrage causing iron deposits in organs
3) infections (Hiv ect)

42
Q

How did blood groups A and B arise

A

different sugars were added onto the original O antigen (one for A and another for B) and AB has both sugars but on different antigens

43
Q
A

BIOL (5 decks)

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