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BIOL > BIOL 121 > Flashcards

BIOL 121 Flashcards

1
Q

Define “virus”

A

A simple, miniscule, infections, obligate intracellular parasite comprising of genetic material and surrounded by a capsid or envelope

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2
Q

Why do viruses have so few genes?

A

Because they are obligate parasites and they dont need to code for complex machinery to reproduce themselves

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3
Q

How large are viruses

A

usually around 20-300nm (very small)

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4
Q

How large are Giant Viruses

A

around 750nm so large enough to be seen with a light microscope and have larger genomes

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5
Q

What do you call transmission viruses and replication viruses

A

Extracellular virions (transmission) and intracellular virions (replication)

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6
Q

How do virus populations change over time

A

they have an eclipse period of silence and then a burst of rapid growth

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7
Q

How are viruses studied

A

Electron microscopy, X-ray crystallography, Cryo-EM, NMR

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8
Q

what are the subunits of capsids

A

capsomers

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9
Q

What is the combination of capsids and nucleic acid

A

nucleocapsid

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10
Q

What shapes are viruses

A

Helical, polyhedral and Binal (complex/irregular)

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11
Q

what is the function of the capsid

A

protets the nucleic acid and aids its transmission

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12
Q

Do viruses need an envelope

A

No they can be enveloped and naked

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13
Q

What is the structure of a bacteriophase

A

They have a head, sheath, base plate and tail fibres

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14
Q

What is the replication cycle of bacteriophages

A

Adsorption, penetration, replication, maturation, release and reinfection

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15
Q

What is a bacteriophage that kills its host called and what is one that isn’t

A

Lytic phages kill their hosts and temperate/lysogenic phages dont

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16
Q

What is a bacteria carrying prophages called

A

lysogens

17
Q

What are phages used for

A

disinfectants and antibiotics for hard to kill bacteria as well as vaccine vectors

18
Q

How does phenogenetic analysis help in virus outbreaks

A

allows for the genome to quickly be identified by comparison to similar genetic sequence viruses

19
Q

What do all viruses have in common

A

The viral genome must make mRNA that can be read by host ribosomes

20
Q

Is mRNA +ssRNA or -ssRNA

A

always +ssRNA

21
Q

How many types of viruses are there in baltimore system and what are they

A

7 -
1 dsDNA
2 gaped dsDNA
3 ssDNA
4 dsRNA
5 +ssRNA
6 -ssRNA
7 +ssRNA with DNA intermediate

22
Q

What ways can viruses infect cells

A

1 Transformation into tumor cell via virus
2 Lysis (death of cell & release of virus
3 persistant infection (slow release without cell death)
4 latent infection (virus present but delays lysis until later triggered)

23
Q

How do viruses find cells to infect

A

They have to attatch via a receptor (excluding fungal and plant viruses)

24
Q

How do viruses enter the cell

A

1) injection of nuceic acid
2) fusion of envelope with host virus
3) Endocytosis

25
Q

What does the virus do in the cell

A

synthesises viral proteins using host ribosomes and replicating the viral genetic material

26
Q

How does the virus exit the cell

A

the virus capsid pushes against the membrane and wraps iteslf in membrane containing viral glycoproteins (produced by host ribosomes using viral genes) and naked viruses exit via lysis

27
Q

What are Viroids

A

Very small infectious agent that are NOT viruses with very small circular ssRNA, naked, resistant to proteases and only infect plants.
The replication mechanism is unknown

28
Q

What are prions

A

They are small infectious proteinaceous particles (only protein no genetic material).

29
Q

How is rabies spread

A

via saliva through bites (mostly dogs)

30
Q

What are the two forms of rabies

A

Furious and dumb (furious regular form but dumb can occur and make the dog just appear sleepy)

31
Q

How is Mpox transmitted

A

Animal to human occurs via bites and scratches as well as meat from infected animals
Human to human contact is via direct skin contact with lesions (only infectious after symptoms appear) and contact with contaminated fomities such as bedding

32
Q

How is Mpox treated

A

Vaccines are the main treatment (one antiviral very recently approved)

33
Q

What are obelisks

A

Viroid like elements (slightly larger) first found in human oral and stool metatranscriptomic data

34
Q

what are prion diseases called

A

spongiform encephalopathies

35
Q

How are prions caused

A

The accumulation of misfolded proteins causing other proteins to misfold as well

36
Q

What diseases are caused by prions

A

Scrapie - degenrative fatal CNS disease in sheep
BSE - mad cow disease (erratic behaviour) (classical BSE can be transferred into humans causing Creutzfeld-jacob disease)
Kuru - “trembling” passed on from cannibalism
Creutzfeld-Jacob disease - loss of ability to think and move properly usually fatal (4 forms Sporadic, familial/inherited, Variant (meat) and Latrogenic (by accident from surgery)

37
Q
A

BIOL (5 decks)

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