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2016/2017 > BIOL 321 Lab Part II > Flashcards

BIOL 321 Lab Part II Flashcards

1
Q

Lophotrochozoa tree

A

Bilateria - Protostomia - Lophotrochozoa - 2 branches
1- Mollusca s.g. to Nemertea and Annelida
2. Bryozoa s.g. to Rotifer and Platyhelminthes

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2
Q

Nemertea

A

previously proboscis/ribbon worm
soft-bodied, non-segmented, slight torso-ventral flattening, ciliated ventral surface, abundant mucous glands, apparent lack of secondary body cavity but coelomate

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3
Q

Nemertea are coelomates?

A

lateral blood vessels are shrunk down coelomic compartments

epithelial lining derived from mesoderm, face lumen of blood vessel

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4
Q

Nemertean digestion

A

tubular, one-way digestive tract with mouth and anus

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5
Q

Nemertea characteristics

A

1-way digestive tract
eucoelomic compartments- circulatory system
eversible proboscis

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6
Q

proboscis

A

eversible, enclosed in proboscis sac (rhynchocoel), dorsal to anterior part of gut
shot out of body through pore dorsal to mouth
wall of sac is mesodermally-derived, and wrapped in muscle

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7
Q

Nemertean habitat

A

mainly marine
few fresh, few terrestrial (low resistance to desiccation)
under rocks, burrow in sediment

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8
Q

Nemertean species

A

ca. 1200

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9
Q

Tubulanus polymorphus

A

local nemertean
can be over 1m long
thin, long body, easily torn
vivid orange color, conspicuous coloration = chemical

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10
Q

ejection of proboscis

A

circular muscles contract - fluid pressure in sac increases - proboscis shoots out - turns inside out

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11
Q

proboscis elaborations

A

some have calcified stylet and secrete neurotoxin

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12
Q

how does proboscis return to rhynchocoel

A

proboscis retractor muscle

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13
Q

Nemertea movement

A

mucco-ciliary gliding

muscular wave crawling and dorsoventral swimming

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14
Q

Lophophore

A

organ for capturing suspended food

circular/horseshoe-shaped fold of body wall that encircles mouth and bears ciliated tentacles

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15
Q

Lophophorates

A

former phylum that contained Bryozoans, Brachiopods, and Phoronids that all contain lophophore
convergence

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16
Q

Bryozoa habitat

A

marine, freshwater

attached to rocks, plants, animals, docks

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17
Q

marine Bryozoans

A

lophophore forms circle of tentacles with mouth in centre

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18
Q

Bryozoan characteristics

A

u-shaped digestive tract, anus outside lophophore
almost all colonial
various growth/body forms

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19
Q

Bryozoan body forms

A

erect, branching, flat, encrusting

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20
Q

individual bryozoan

A

zooids

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21
Q

freshwater bryozoans

A

horseshoe shaped lophophore

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22
Q

zooids secrete

A

zooecium exoskeleton

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23
Q

Bryozoan reproduction

A

sexual, asexual (budding)

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24
Q

zooecium material

A

chitinous
proteinaceous
calcareous

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25
Q

Membranipora

A

genus of marine bryozoan

flat, encrusting colonies, often on kelp

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26
Q

Bugula

A

marine bryozoan

erect, branching colonies

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27
Q

lophophore retracted into zooecium

A

with lophophoral retractor muscles

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28
Q

Bryozoan feeding

A

beat ciliary tracts on lophophore tentacles - water currents - bring in suspended particle - cilia capture particle - transfer down tentacle to mouth

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29
Q

formation of new Bryozoan colony

A

settlement and metamorphosis of a ciliated larva = original zooid of the colony

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30
Q

Membranipora Bryozoan colony

A

ancestor zooid metamorphoses to form double zooid = ancestrula
individuals of a colony are identical, no polymorphism
frontal membrane not calcified

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31
Q

Bryozoan polymorphism

A

autozooids - feeding, produce gametes

heterozooids - defense zooids

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32
Q

Bugle heterozooid

A

avicularium

non-feeding, look like bird beak, open and close jaw - prevent settling of microorganisms on them

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33
Q

lower beak of avicularium

A

mandible

homologous to operculum of autozooid

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34
Q

Membranipora energy use

A

no frontal membrane calcification

divert energy to rapid growth, differentiation, and sexual maturation b/c seasonal species

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35
Q

freshwater bryozoan class

A 
all one class
larger zooids, more lophophoral tentacles in horseshoe shape
produce overwintering bodies
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36
Q

overwintering bryozoan body

A

statoblast - yolky mesothelial cells congregate - cohesive mass - surrounded by epithelium - secret chitinous covering - covering may have elaborate looks or air pockets
floating, freezing, desiccation protection
germinate in spring when conditions less harsh

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37
Q

Mollusca phylogeny

A

Aculifera s.g. Conchifera
Aculifera – Aplacophora, Polyplacophora
Conchifera – (Monoplacophora, Cephalopoda) s.g. (Scaphopoda (Bivalvia, Gastropoda))

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38
Q

Gastropoda phylogeny

A

Vetigastropoda s.g. Patellogastropoda

Neritimorpha s.g. Caenogastropoda s.g. Heterobranchia

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39
Q

Mollusca species

A

ca. 80,000

second only to arthropods (in Metazoa)

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40
Q

Mollusc basic body plan

A

2 regions: cephalopodium (head + muscular foot), visceropallium (visceral organs, mantle)

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41
Q

mantle

A

pallium
dorsal covering of epidermal epithelium
secretes calcareous exoskeleton (1+ hard shell pieces) or spicules

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42
Q

mantle cavity

A

where mantle epithelium folds inward around periphery of foot and delineates a pocket – open to surrounding water

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43
Q

In mantle cavity

A

Pallial organs: 1+ gills = ctenidia, 1-2 sensory organs = osphradia (s. um)
anus, nephridiopore, gonoduct

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44
Q

tongue-like mollusc structure

A

radula
ribbon of transverse rows of teeth repetitively protruded from mouth
-lacking in bivalves, secondarily lost in some gastropods

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45
Q

Mollusca sizes

A

1mm (snail) - 18m (giant squid)

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46
Q

gastropod larva

A

veliger

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47
Q

Polyplacophora

A

‘many shells’
chitons
live on hard substrate, intertidal-shallow subtidal
dorso-ventrally flattened

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48
Q

Polyplacophora movement

A

slow crawl with ventral, muscular foot

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49
Q

polyplacophora feeding

A

radula scrape algae, bacteria off rock surface

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50
Q

distinctive chiton feature

A

8 overlapping, articulating dorsal plates embedded in mantle tissue

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51
Q

plates

A

valves

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52
Q

chiton mantle tissue surrounding valves

A

girdle

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53
Q

chiton cephalization

A

minimal - sedentary lifestyle

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54
Q

chiton anus

A

pigmented orange-brown strips in roof of mantle cavity on either side of anus = osphradia

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55
Q

chiton osphradia

A

concentration of sensory cells

posterior sensory cells??? (unknown why)

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56
Q

molluscan gills with filaments on both sides of the central axis

A

bipectinate ctenidia

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57
Q

how chitons cling so well

A

grip hard surface with peripheral edge of muscular girdle - elevate roof of mantle cavity - create suction

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58
Q

water flow through mantle cavity of chiton

A

enters pallial groove – down pallial groove, through gill chambers – exits pallial groove at anus

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59
Q

smooth area of chiton valve embedded in girdle tissue

A

articulamentum - hard, white, CaCO3

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60
Q

rough, exposed area of chiton valve

A

tegumentum - brown, rough, mostly conchiolin protein

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61
Q

canal cells in chiton valves

A

canals run through articulamentum in to tegumentum, house sensory cells (aesthetes)
some are photoreceptors

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62
Q

chiton muscle groups for flexing shell valves

A

rectus muscles - slender bundles of longitudinal muscle extend down side of midline
transverse muscle - thick muscle pads at junction between shell valves. from dorsal side of one articulamentum to ventral side of next most articulamentum

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63
Q

chiton salivary glands

A

branched, yellow, open into buccal cavity

secrete mucus to lubricate radula

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64
Q

esophageal glands

A

large, paired, ‘sugar glands’, secrete amylase to initiate food digestion

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65
Q

Chiton gonads

A

dioecious = gonochoristic = either testis or ovary not both

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66
Q

Radular teeth mounted on

A

basal strip of chitin

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67
Q

radular teeth deep in radular sac

A

small, incompletely formed, translucent

new teeth continuously secreted at distal end of radular sac - move forward in conveyor belt fashion

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68
Q

new teeth secreted by

A

odontoblasts

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69
Q

why are new teeth continuously secreted

A

continuously worn/abraded off, need to be replaced

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70
Q

radular teeth organization

A

transverse rows of 17 teeth - central tooth + 8 lateral on each side of central
1 lateral on each side is larger and black = tricuspid

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71
Q

why is radula tricuspid black

A

magnetite cap

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72
Q

tissue beneath radula

A

2 cartilage-like rods = odontophoral cartilages

protracted from mouth with radular ribbon to press teeth firmly against substrate

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73
Q

odontophoral cartilage + radular ribbon

A

buccal mass

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74
Q

buccal mass muscles

A

myriad muscles

execute feeding motion, red (contain myoglobin) - supply hard working muscles w/ O2

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75
Q

characters of chitons shared with other molluscs

A 
CaCO3 shells secreted by mantle tissue
ribbon of radular teeth
mantle cavity containing ctenidia, osphradia, and receives anus, nephridiopores, gonopores
bipectinate ctenidia
muscular foot on ventral side
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76
Q

bipectinate

A

branched like a feather on both sides of a main shaft

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77
Q

distinctive characters of chitons

A 
8 overlapping valves - change body shape for unflat surface
sugar glands 
magnetite capped teeth
straight digestive tract
can suction body to rock
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78
Q

Class Gastropoda

A

largest class of molluscs in species and diversity

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79
Q

Gastropoda distinctive character

A

torsion

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80
Q

torsion

A

brings anus, mantle, pallial organs to anterior position over back of head
180º rotation of visceropallium relative to cephalopodium

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81
Q

gastropod shell coil

A

asymmetrically around central axis

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82
Q

gastropod shell central axis

A

columella

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83
Q

aids in protection shell provides gastropod

A

operculum - hardened plate of protein, secreted by back of foot, seals aperture shut

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84
Q

Vetigastropoda

A

keyhole limpet

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85
Q

vetigastropoda characteristics

A

bipectinate ctenidia, perforated shell, 2 ctenidia, 2 osphradia, 2 hypobranchial glands
broadcast spawn, external fertilization

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86
Q

Caenogastropoda

A

dog whelk
monopectinate ctenidium, gill axis fused along length to roof of mantle cavity, shells not perforated, 1 ctenidium, 1 osphradium, 1 hypobranchial gland
internal fertilization, eggs deposited in benthic egg capsules, veliger larvae

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87
Q

monopectinate ctenidium

A

gill filaments arise from only one side of central gill axis

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88
Q

Heterobranchia

A

sea slugs, pond snails

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89
Q

Heterobranchia characteristics

A

reduction/loss of calcified shell, minimal torsion, true ctenidium often absent replaced by gas exchange structures
internal fertilization, eggs deposited in benthic egg capsules, veliger larvae

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90
Q

torsion in vetigastropods

A

full extent of torsion
mantle cavity fully anterior
anus mid-dorsally over back of head

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91
Q

torsion in caenogastropods

A

anterior mantle cavity

anterior anus towards right side rather than mid-dorsal

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92
Q

heterobranchia torsion

A

little evidence of torsion in adult stage

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93
Q

importance of directing water into mantle cavity

A

oxygen over ctenidia filaments

flush feces and urine out of mantle cavity

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94
Q

Heterobranch ctenidia

A

lost altogether

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95
Q

Gastropod perforation gas exchange

A

vetigastropods - 1+ shell perforations, 2 ctenidia on either side of anus
water enters mantle cavity on both sides of head, flows between filaments, exits mantle cavity by passing out of shell perforation

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96
Q

Caenogastropod gas exchange strategy

A

1 ctenidium and osphradium located on left side of anterior mantle cavity
anus toward right side
water enters left side - passes over osphradium - flows between ctenidia filaments - out right side of mantle cavity picking up waste

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97
Q

osphradium

A

patch of sensory epithelium

may monitor possible contaminants or silt levels

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98
Q

Heterobranchia gas exchange

A

many lack ctenidium, mantle cavity may be lacking in adult, replaced ctenidium with various other gas exchange structures - anal branchiae, cerata

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99
Q

Pulmonates

A

mostly terrestrial and freshwater heterobranchs
usually breathe atmospheric O2
mantle cavity almost entirely sealed-off

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100
Q

pulmonate mantle cavity opening

A

pneumostome

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101
Q

pulmonate internalized mantle cavity

A

lung - muscles pump air in and out via pneumostome

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102
Q

gastropod shell mineral

A

CaCO3

calcite or aragonite

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103
Q

keyhole-limpet shell

A

well-developed, heavily calcified, secondarily lost coiling, very wide aperture, no operculum

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104
Q

Nudibranch shell

A

only present in larval stage

adult defense by defensive chemical

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105
Q

mollusc larva

A

veliger- planktonic, swim, some feed, coiled shell, foot, operculum, velum

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106
Q

velum

A

two lobes extending from either side of head
2 tracts of cilia around peripheral edge of each lobe
prototroch + metatroch

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107
Q

veliger prototroch

A

long cilia power swimming and bring phytoplankton toward veliger

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108
Q

Veliger effective stroke

A

prototrochal cilia down

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109
Q

veliger metatroch

A

runs parallel to prototroch, shorter cilia, power stroke is upward toward prototroch

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110
Q

veliger feeding

A

food particles caught between 2 ciliary bands and collected within food groove (also ciliated) - carry food particles to mid-ventral mouth

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111
Q

gill filaments arising from only one side of central axis of ctenidium

A

monopectinate

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112
Q

dorsal lateral outgrowths on the anterior surfaces of nudibranchs

A

cerata

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113
Q

cerata function

A

anal branchiae
aid in resperation
also attach and defense

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114
Q

nudibranch dorsal outgrowths (some nudibranchs)

A

cnidosacs

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115
Q

central axis of gastropod shell

A

columella

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116
Q

Class Bivalve phylogeny

A

Protobranchia

Autobranchia - Pteriomorpha, Heteroconchia

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117
Q

Pteriomorpha includes

A

mussels, scallops, oysters

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118
Q

Heteroconchia includes

A

all other bivalves

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119
Q

bivalves are primarily adapted for

A

life buried in sediment

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120
Q

bivalve burial adaptations

A

laterally flattened foot
bi-valve shell, hinged dorsally
sensory structures

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121
Q

bivalve foot adaptation

A

thrusting into sand/mud during burrowing

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122
Q

bivalve shell adaptation

A

enclose to protect soft tissues from abrasive sediment, prevent collapse of

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123
Q

bivalve sensory structure adaptation

A

concentrated along periphery of mantle fold bordering edge of shell valves rather than on head

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124
Q

why are bivalve sensory structures around valve periphery and not on head

A

head lies deep within spaced enclosed by shell valves

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125
Q

Protobranchia characteristics

A

deposit feeders, single pr. bipectinate ctenidia, short gill filaments for gas exchange only, taxodont hinge dentition

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126
Q

protobranchia deposit feeding

A

use tentacle-like feeding appendages extending from either side of mouth - collect, deliver particles to mouth

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127
Q

protobranchia feeding appendages

A

palp proboscis

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128
Q

vast majority of extant bivalves

A

Autobranchia

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129
Q

vast majority of Autobranchia have

A

lamellibranch ctenidia

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130
Q

lamellibranch ctenidia

A

greatly elongated ctenidia filaments, arising from either side of central axis, elongated to extent that filaments on each side fold back on themselves

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131
Q

how is water drawn in to mantle cavity of most molluscs

A

beating of lateral cilia of ctenidia filaments

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132
Q

lamellibranch ctenidia function

A

used for gas exchange and suspension feeding - phytoplankton captured, delivered to mouth by cooperative activities of specialized ciliary tracts

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133
Q

Autobranchia hinge dentition

A

heterodont

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134
Q

Pteriomorphia characteristics

A

epibenthic, anchor to sediments/rocks w/ byssal threads or directly cement shell valve to substrate
much reduced foot
mantle margins not fused

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135
Q

why do pteriomorphs have reduced foot

A

absence of burrowing activity (also why mantle margins not fused)

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136
Q

most extant bivalves are in which auto branch clade

A

Heteroconchia

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137
Q

2 sections of lamellibranch ctenidium

A

demibranchs

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138
Q

demibranchs formed by

A

long row of folded gill filaments arising from either side of gill axis

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139
Q

byssal thread characteristics

A

proteinaceous, secreted by gland at base of foot, present in most bivalve juveniles, mussels retain gland while most bivalves lose as adults

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140
Q

bivalve shells

A

outer periostracum (tough protein)
underlying biomineral
periphery corrugated to form 3 lobes

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141
Q

how bivalve shells are enlarged

A

secretion of periostracum and bxomineral by the peripheral edge of each lateral mantle fold

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142
Q

bivalve shells, outer lobe

A

secretes periostracum and biomineral

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143
Q

bivalve shell, middle lobe

A

sensory structures

row of light-reflecting eyespots

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144
Q

bivalve shell, inner lobe

A

muscular
pallial muscles from lobe to inner wall of shell
forms broad flap projecting into gape of shell

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145
Q

Pteriomorph eye

A

only bivalves with differentiated eye structures w/ lens, retina, pigment cells

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146
Q

bivalve shells are held together by

A

hinge ligament + adductor muscles + pallial muscles

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147
Q

adductor muscles

A

anchored on inner valve surface
extend between 2 valves
pull valves closed
most bivalves have 2 (A&P), same size

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148
Q

Mussel adductor muscles

A

anterior smaller than posterior

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149
Q

bivalves with single adductor muscle

A

oyster, scallop

single muscle is the posterior, becomes centralize

150
Q

pallial muscles

A

inner lobe of mantle fold - shell along a line parallel to peripheral shell margin (pallial line)

151
Q

deep burrowing bivalves

A

have very long siphons
draw water into inhalant siphon along w/ O2, food
exhalant siphon delivers H2O back after O2, food extracted

152
Q

siphon

A

elaboration of muscular lobe of mantle fold

153
Q

pallial sinus

A

incursion of pallial line that creates space to accommodate the retracted siphons, if present

154
Q

muscle scars

A

of A/P adductor muscles

155
Q

hinge ligament

A

tough proteinaceous sheet that binds the 2 shell valves together at their dorsal margin
relaxed position = shell open

156
Q

pallial line

A

where the pallial muscles attach to the shell

157
Q

hinge dentition

A

interlocking teeth that prevent the shell valves from slipping sideways

158
Q

Heterodont

A

1+ central cardinal teeth, flanked on 1/2 sides by lateral teeth

159
Q

chondrophore

A

cavity or process that supports the internal hinge cartilage of the shell of a bivalve

160
Q

Taxodont

A

many similar peg-like teeth in a row on either side of umbo

161
Q

umbo

A

most prominent, highest part of each valve of the shell of a bivalve

162
Q

heterochonch shell dentition

A

heterodont

163
Q

shipworm

A

elongated, reddish, wormlike body, enclosed in tunnel in floating or submerged timber, two anterior triangular calcareous plates, survive in extreme T’s and without O2

164
Q

cementing bivalves

A

oysters, thorny oysters, kitten’s paws, jingle shells
cement lower valve to hard substrate using shell material as cement, fixed permanently
lower valve often more deeply cupped

165
Q

giant clam

A

surface-dwelling, harbours intracellular photosynthetic symbionts, tropical/semi-tropical

166
Q

bent-nose clam

A

surface deposit feeds with incurrent siphon

167
Q

bivalve reproduction

A

most free-spawn gametes (broadcast spawn)

eggs develop into veliger larvae

168
Q

bivalve veliger

A

look like tiny bivalves - have 2 shell valves

velum w/ ciliary bands for swimming, food capture

169
Q

freshwater mussel larvae

A

glochidia larvae
unique, parasitic on fish
shell valves clamp onto fish gills

170
Q

Class Scaphopoda

A

‘tusk shells’
marine, elongated (A-P), sell and mantle tubular and open at both ends
no ctenidia, heart, circulatory system

171
Q

burrowing scaphopods

A

selective deposit feeders

unique food-gathering tentacles = captacula

172
Q

what causes water to flow through a scaphopod mantle cavity

A

cilia

no continuous water flow - exhaled back out

173
Q

how is hemal fluid pumped through scaphopod body

A

by the rhythmic action of the foot

174
Q

Class Cephalopoda phylogeny

A

Nutiloidea s.g. to Coleoidea

175
Q

what are coleoids

A

octopods, squids, cuttlefish

176
Q

squid external features

A

fusiform body, muscular mantle, posterior dorsal fins, large image-forming eyes, olfactory crests, mouth w/ stiff jaws (beak), arms, tentacles, funnel, chromatophores

177
Q

fusiform

A

having a spindle-like shape that is wide in the middle and tapers at both ends

178
Q

squid tentacles

A

paired, suckers only at tips, used for capturing prey

179
Q

squid arms

A

4 prs., suckers along length, used for holding and manipulating prey while beak tears off chunks, also for walking, courtship

180
Q

modified squid arm

A

hectocotylized - terminal suckers reduced, basal area swollen and elongated
lower left arm in males - transfers spermatophores

181
Q

Internal squid structures

A

siphon retractor muscles, cephalic retractor muscle, stellate ganglia, non-ciliated ctenidia, 2 branchial hears, systemic hearts ink sac, esophagus - stomach, digestive gland, caecum, rectum

182
Q

squid respiration

A

deoxy blood from body – collects in branchial hearts – pumped through ctenidia for oxygenation – leave ctenidia - enter systemic heart - pumped to tissues and organs

183
Q

how is water pumped in squid

A

through mantle cavity by muscular contractions of mantle

184
Q

squid residual shell

A

pen

chitinous, non-mineralized

185
Q

nautilus shell

A

external, heavily calcified shell, internal chambers, septa btw chambers perforated for siphuncle, gas filled chambers

186
Q

siphuncle

A

cord of tissue that replaces fluid in chambers with gas (buoyancy)

187
Q

Spirula shell

A

could, calcified, embedded w/i mantle tissue, retains internal chambers separated by septa w/ perforations for siphuncle

188
Q

Sepia shell

A

cuttlefish, porous calcareous shell surf-board shaped, pores filled w/ gas by modified siphuncle = cuttlebone

189
Q

Loligo shell

A

narrow, chitinous rod (pen), not mineralized, does not provide buoyancy, helps maintain conical shape of visceropallium

190
Q

shared characters of Ecdysozoa

A

periodically moult a cuticle

no motile cilia or flagella

191
Q

Ecdysozoan cuticle

A

covers all ectodermally-derived epithelia
outer layer of organic material
important skeletal roles
does not expand to allow animal to increase in size

192
Q

Ecdysozoan cuticle skeletal role

A

maintains shape, protects from damaging external forces, transmits force of muscle contraction

193
Q

How Ecdysozoans grows

A

undergo succesive cuticle moults, each moult followed by construction of new larger cuticle

194
Q

Ecdysozoan moulting controls

A

hormonally by steroids called ecdysteroids

195
Q

Phylum Nematoda

A

1 of largest animal phyla, most species not yet formally described, abundant in all habitats including parasites of animals/plants, mostly less than few mm

196
Q

Nematode ecologic importance

A

degradation of OM, nutrient cycling

197
Q

Nematode movement

A

need dense medium to push agains, no circular muscle or ciliary-mucus gliding, long muscles contract to bend the body into sin waves; dorsal/ventral muscles antagonize each other

198
Q

how do Nematodes prevent kinks/telescoping of the body

A

very highly pressurized, hydrostatic pressure

collagenous cuticle resistant to pressure

199
Q

Nematode coelomic condition

A

pseudocoel

200
Q

Parasitic nematode reproduction

A

most are dioecious, eggs only fertilized if host is invaded by both m and f

201
Q

Ascaris nematode life cycle

A

live in pigs/humans, pass form feces to soil, last in soil for years, 200,000 eggs/day, resistant to low T and desiccation , no intermediate host

202
Q

Ascaris morphologic features

A

mouth encircled by 3 lips
m strongly curved posterior end, f straight
gut = mouth, pharynx, intestine, anus

203
Q

nematode reproductive system

A

long, convoluted tubes, regionally differentiated into testis and sperm duct or ovary, oviduct, uterus

204
Q

nematode hypodermis

A

syncytial epidermis

205
Q

Hookworm

A

nematode that parasitizes human, anchor to intestine wall w/ sharp teeth-like thickenings of oral cuticle, make wound in intestine, feed on blood/tissue, cause anemia and death. Prevalent in areas of poor sanitation

206
Q

hookworm cycle

A

eggs in feces - larvae hatch in moist soil and become infective to humans after 2 moults, if walk barefoot through contaminated soil larvae burrow in to humans foot, larvae undergo complex migration through heart - lungs- trachea- esophagus - intestine - moult stages - adult stage

207
Q

Onychophorans

A

velvet worms

208
Q

velvet worm characteristic

A

damp terrestrial habitat in tropic, similarities to annelids and arthropods, many predators, worm-like metamerism, pre-antennae, oral papillae, jaws, lobe-like paired appendages terminating double claws, metanephridia, tracheal tubules

209
Q

velvet worm nervous

A

dorsal brain, circumesophageal connective, ganglionate ventral nerve cord

210
Q

Phylum Arthropoda subphyla

A

Trilobitomorpha
Chelicerata
Mandibulata

211
Q

chelicerate examples

A

horseshoe crabs, spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites, sea spiders

212
Q

mandibulate examples

A

centipedes, millipedes, insects, copepods, barnacles, lobsters, shrimp, crabs, branchiopods

213
Q

Phylum Arthropoda characteristics

A

75% of described extant species
almost 90% are insects - only invertebrate able to fly
1mm (mite) - 4m (spider crab)
exoskeleton, jointed appendages
bilateral symmetry, metamerism, tagmatization, open circulatory system, nervous system, complete digestive system, reduced eucoelom

214
Q

what does arthropod stand for

A 
arthros = joint
podos = foot
215
Q

details of arthropod exoskeleton

A

exosk. of body proper is regionally thickened into hardened plates
exosk. of each appendage is subdivided into linear series of hollow tubes
hard parts joined together by thin flexible areas of exoskeleton

216
Q

sections of arthropod appendage

A

articles /podomeres

217
Q

benefits of arthropod exoskeleton

A

rigid = transmit muscle force for locomotion/manipulation of objects
protects organs, supports/maintains body shape
waxy surface helps maintain water balance

218
Q

exoskeleton challenges

A

restricts body growth

reception of environmental stimuli

219
Q

tagmatization

A

grouped adjacent metameres into larger functional units, tagma, responsible for performing specialized tasks
segmentation of body in to fused sections

220
Q

arthropod nervous system

A

dorsal brain in head, serially repeated ganglia along paired ventral nerve cords

221
Q

Trilobite characteristics

A

oval, flattened metameric body, trunk divided in to 3 lobes, jointed antennae, paired biramous trunk appendages

222
Q

trilobite appendages

A

gnathobase, exopodite, endopodite

223
Q

Subphylum Chelicerata

A 
1st append. modified feeding structures = chelicerae
2nd - pedipalps, various fn
3-7 - 4prs walking legs 
all from anterior tagma - prosoma
posterior tagma = opisthosoma 
no mandibles, antennae
224
Q

Class Merostomata

A

horseshoe crab - 3 extant genera, abundant in Palaeozoic, Mesozoic, prosoma+opisthosoma, compound eye, telson (tail), chelicera, coxa, gill books, chilarium, epitome

225
Q

horseshoe crab eating

A

walking legs transfer food up to mouth
gnathobases at the base of walking legs grind up food
chelicera pushes the food in to the mouth

226
Q

telson

A

not a true segment

helps horseshoe crabs ‘right’ themselves when flipped over

227
Q

chelate

A

pincer-like

228
Q

Class Arachnida

A 
scorpions, spiders, mites, ticks
largest class of extant chelicerates, majority terrestrial
229
Q

scorpion chelicerae

A

small claw-like structures that protrude from the mouth

pull small amounts of food off the prey item for digestion

230
Q

pedipalp

A

second paired apendage
spider-sensitive chemical detectors and function as taste and smell organs
scorpion-prey immobilization, defense and sensory

231
Q

tick anchoring

A

hypostome - central mouth structure, blunt harpoon, sharp barbs, cement, penetrate skin and anchor

232
Q

scorpion opisthosoma

A

stinger – stings, ejects poison

233
Q

spider opisthosoma

A

spinneret - silk-spinning organ

234
Q

scorpion stinger likely homologous to

A

horseshoe crab telson

235
Q

Class Pycnogonida

A

sea spiders, all marine, anterior sucking tube (proboscis) - suck body fluid from prey
prosoma metameres clearly distinct
opisthosoma reduced to insignificant looking papilla w/ anus

236
Q

Subphylum mandibulata

A

myriapods (centipede, millipedes), hexapods (insects, entognaths), marine crustaceans

237
Q

mandibulate appendages

A

arise from head magma
1pr antennae (sensory)
1pr mandibles (feeding)
1st pair maxillae (accessory feeding appendages)
2nd pair of maxilla (accessory feeding appendages)
-crustaceans have 2nd pair antennae

238
Q

Superclass Myriapoda

A

2 body magmata - head, trunk
head has characteristics mandibulate append.
trunk - morphologically similar pos on uniramous walking legs

239
Q

Myriapod dessication

A

less able to resist desiccation because cuticle does not have waxy superficial layer

240
Q

Myriapoda orders

A

Chilopoda - centipedes

Diplopoda - millipedes

241
Q

centipedes

A

fast running carnivores, longer legs than millipedes, first pr trunk appendages specialized poison claws

242
Q

millipedes

A

slow-moving, mostly herbivorous, bulldozed through leaf litter, trunk segments fused in duets = diplosegments

243
Q

Mandibulata groups

A

Myriapoda

Pancrustaces

244
Q

Pancrustacea

A

Hexapoda, Copepoda, Branchiopoda

Ostracod, Malacostraca, Cirripedia

245
Q

Pancrustacea

A

‘new group’, replaces previous paraphyletic group crustacea, includes all ‘crustacean’ groups + hexapoda

246
Q

Hexapoda

A

Insecta, Entognatha

247
Q

Basic insect body plan seen in

A

crickets

248
Q

‘without wing’ insects

A

Apterygote

e.g. silverfish

249
Q

Cricket body tagmata

A

Head, thorax, abdomen

250
Q

Cricket head

A

5 fused segments, compound and simple eyes, antennae, mouth parts,

251
Q

cricket mouth parts

A

upper lip, pair of hard mandibles, pair maxillae, lower lip

252
Q

cricket upper lip

A

labrum

253
Q

cricket lower lip

A

labium
derived from ancestral pair of 2nd maxillae fused together along midline
have sensory palps

254
Q

‘with wing’ insects

A

pterygote (2 wing prs)

255
Q

cricket hypopharynx

A

tongue-like organ in centre of mouth used for tasting, lubricating, food

256
Q

Cricket thorax

A

3 segments: pro- meso- metathorax
each division has pr of walking legs
meso, metathorax each bear pr of wings

257
Q

cricket abdomen

A

11 segments
2 long posterior cerci
spiraces along each side of abd.
1st segment = tympanum
terminal segments = egg laying, copulation
f/m have long ovipositor extending from abdomen

258
Q

tympanum

A

organ of sound reception

259
Q

cerci

A

sensory appendages

260
Q

spiracles

A

breathing pores

261
Q

Malacostraca groups

A

Isopoda, Amphipoda, Decapoda, Euphausiacea, Stomatopoda

262
Q

housefly mouthparts for

A

sponging

263
Q

butterfly mouthparts

A

sucking

264
Q

mosquito mouthparts

A

piercing and sucking

265
Q

insect adaptation to dessication

A

tracheal tubules with closable spiracles

ability to convert ammonia to uric acid - excretion w/ minimal water loss

266
Q

tracheal tubules

A

invaginations of epidermis, internally lined w/ cuticle w/ ring-like thickenings to prevent collapse of tubules

267
Q

types of insect life cycles

A

ametabolous
hemimetabolous
holometabolous

268
Q

young insect somewhat resembles adult and uses same kind of food

A

hemimetabolous

269
Q

young insect resembles adult except for smaller size and undeveloped sex organs

A

ametabolous

270
Q

hemimetabolous development

A

exopterypote

somewhat resemble adults - wings are first small pads

271
Q

exopterygote

A

holometabolous

worm-like larvae, unlike adults, feed and grow by successional moults

272
Q

grasshopper development

A

hemimetabolous

273
Q

holometabolous last larval stage

A

followed by pupal stage - profound alteration of tissues and organs for complete metamorphosis

274
Q

silverfish development

A

ametabolous development

275
Q

flies, beetles development

A

holometabolous

276
Q

Decapoda groups

A

Caridea, Anomura, Brachyura, Astacidea

277
Q

Non-hexapod pancrustaceans

A

mostly aquatic, 2 pos antennae, usually at least some biramous/polyramous appendages

278
Q

Branchiopoda

A

phyllopods, paddle-shaped exopods/endopods, exites/epipods, thin exoskeleton, maintain shape w/ pressurized hemal fluid,

279
Q

phyllopods

A

distinctive leaf-like thoracic appendages

gas exchange, feeding, locomotion (swimming)

280
Q

branchiopod example

A

fairy shrimp

281
Q

fairy shrimp

A

swim upside down, 11 prs phyllopods from 11 thoracic appendages, prs move in unison

282
Q

Copepoda

A

largest animal biomass on earth, pelagic usually have longer 1st antennae than benthic forms, torpedo-like body, 7 segments, paired biramous appendages move in unison for rapid forward movement

283
Q

caudal furca

A

forked tail of copepod 1st antennae - sensory function

284
Q

copepod swimming

A

burst of movement, abrupt stop

rapid thrusting appendages + low Re #

285
Q

holoplanktonic

A

entire life in plankton

286
Q

Cirripedia

A

barnacles, sessile, cement glands in 1st pr antennae, body encloses in calcareous plates, secreted by mantle

287
Q

main contributor to secondary productivity

A

copepods

288
Q

Cirripedia life stages

A

being as nauplius larvae - cypris larvae - attach to substrate - metamorphose, sessile juvenile/adult form

289
Q

top of Cirripedia

A

opercular plates cover cirri

290
Q

cirri

A

thoracic appendages, rake surrounding water for suspended food (small zoop.)

291
Q

Cirripedia moult

A

exoskeleton of cirri but not calcareous plates

292
Q

Malacostraca basic body

A

head, thorax (8segments), abdomen (6segments + telson)

293
Q

decapod body

A

dorsal carapace extends posteriorly to cover thoracic segments

294
Q

decapod head + thorax

A

cephalothorax

295
Q

malacostracan thorax appendages

A

thoracopods

296
Q

maxillipeds

A

malacostracan anterior thoracopods = accessory mouthparts

297
Q

if maxillipeds present

A

rest of thoracopods are pereopods

298
Q

malacostraca abdoment appendages

A

typically biramous
pleopods
may be specialized in to uropods

299
Q

Isopoda

A

marine/terrestrial, dorso-ventrally flattened, lack carapace, non-stalked compound eyes, mostly herbivore/detritivore, terminal article is sharp, recurved hooks for hanging on to kelp/grass

300
Q

isopod appendages

A

thoracopods = 1pr maxillipeds, 7pr pereopods - crawling, 5pr pleopods- gas exchange/swimming

301
Q

Amphipoda

A

c-shaped body, laterally compressed, lack carapace, non-stalked compound eyes,

302
Q

amphipod appendages

A

1pr maxilliped, first 2 pr pereopods have subchelate endings for grasping
abdominal appendages -3 prs pleopods, 3pr uropods
uropods heavily sclerotized, kicking, swimming, jumping, burrowing

303
Q

amphipod examples

A

skeleton shrimp

beach hoppers

304
Q

Euphausiacea

A

kill, look like small decapod shrimp, lack maxillipeds, bioluminescent, important fish/whale food

305
Q

Euphausiacea appendages

A

8pr similar pereiopods (thoracopods) - biramous, setose (bristly) - function as filtering basket during feeding

306
Q

Stomatopoda

A

mantis shrimp, dorso-ventrally flattened, carapace over fist 1/2 of thorax, massive tail fan, unique gilled abdomen pleopods

307
Q

stomatopod appendages

A

enlarged 2nd pr thoracopods for prey capture

massive tail fan - broad, heavily sclerotized telson + pr lateral uropods -shield

308
Q

Decapoda organisms

A

shrimp, crayfish, lobster, hermit crab, true crab

309
Q

Decapoda characteristics

A

well-developed carapace covers entire thorax, anterior magma = cephalothorax, thoracopods give rise to gills

310
Q

Decapod appendages

A

first 3pr thoracopods = maxillipeds
1st pr pereiopods may be highly enlarged and chelate = chelipeds
abdomen- 5pr biramous pleopods, 1pr uropods

311
Q

Decapod gills

A

from thoracopods, within space formed by sidewalls of carapace = branchiostegites

312
Q

Astacidea

A

crayfish, lobsters

powerful elongate abdomen, tail fan = uropods+telson, body, appendages covered in thick exoskeleton

313
Q

Astacidea tagmata

A

cephalothorax

abdomen

314
Q

Astacidea cephalothorax

A

head w/ antennules (1st pr antennae)
2nd pr antennae, mandibles, 2 pairs maxillae
thorax w/ 3 pos maxillipeds, 1pr chelipeds, 4prs walking legs/pereopods

315
Q

Astacidea abdomen

A

5prs biramous pleopods, 1 pr uropods, telson

uropods+telson = tail fan

316
Q

Astacidea exoskeleton

A

divided into dorsal tergum, 2 lateral pleuron plates, ventral sternum

317
Q

Astacidea appendages made up of

A

3 parts: protopod - basal, 2 branches - endopod (inner), exopod (outer)

318
Q

Astacidea atennules

A

1pr, biramous, many joints, balancing organ/statocyst on flattened dorsal surface of basal joint

319
Q

Astacidea antennae

A

1pr, long, slender, many joints, excretory openings on basal segment

320
Q

Caridea

A

shrimps, primarily adapted for swimming, laterally compressed, slender legs, well developed biramous pleopods, rostrum, paired compound eyes, some holopelagic

321
Q

Brachyura

A

true crab, abdomen reduced and tucked under carapace, pleopods great reduced and specialized not for swimming, loss of uropods, no tail flip response, chelipeds = raptorial feeding, 4pr walking legs

322
Q

Brachyura 1st pr pleopods

A

m- sperm transfer

fm - hold egg mass while brooding

323
Q

Anomura

A

mud shrimp, hermit crab, lithodid crab, ONLY 3 PR walking legs, 4th pr reduced/tucked in gill to clean

324
Q

hermit crab

A

long, curved abdomen, asymmetric coil, pleopods on one side only, uropods modified as grippers, might have enlarged right cheliped to close aperture

325
Q

Deuterostomia phyla

A

Hemichordate
Echinodermata
Chordata

326
Q

Echinodermata taxa groups

A

Crinoidea s.g. to

Asteroidea s.g. to Ophiuroidea) and (Echinoidea s.g. Holothuroidea

327
Q

Chordata taxa groups

A

Cephalochordata s.g. Urochordata s.g. Craniata

328
Q

Echinodermata characteristics

A

‘spiny’ ‘skin’, bilateral larvae, pentamerous adult (mostly), WVS

329
Q

WVS

A

water vascular system - fluid-filled tubes (canals) connect to tube feet, eucoelomic - lined internally by mesothelium, linked to external seawater by porous ossicle

330
Q

tube feet

A

internal ampulla, external podium, extend from body at ambulacral zones

331
Q

specialized ossicle in echinoderms

A

madreporite
endoskeletal element
not present in holothurian

332
Q

WVS canals

A

stone, ring, radial, lateral (extend to tube feet)

333
Q

Pollen vesicle

A

water reservoir for WVS

334
Q

Tiedemnanns bodies

A

phagocytic cells clear foreign material from WVS that enters madreporite

335
Q

Tube feet, functions

A

feeding

surface area for gas exchange

336
Q

echinoderm skeleton

A

internal, individual calcite pieces

337
Q

echinoderm skeleton pieces

A

ossicles
small, loosely interconnected or form larger plates that fit together tightly, some species projections into spines
true endoskeleton

338
Q

true endoskeleton

A

secreted by cells derived from embryonic mesoderm, completely covered by epidermis epithelium

339
Q

mutable connective tissue

A

echinoderm, tensile connective tissue, change rapidly, switch fro extensible to inextensible, under control of nervous system, hormones

340
Q

echinoderm facts

A

not metameric, no brain, no parasitic, all marine, habits from intertidal - great depth, all latitudes, 1cm-2m

341
Q

pedicellariae

A

small wrench- or claw-shaped appendage with movable jaws, called valves; sea stars, urchins

342
Q

Crinoidea

A

oldest echinoderm record, most extant are tropical/deep sea, crawl w/ claw-like cirri, 10 arms w/ pinnule side branches and podia (tube feet), large amount of body full of ossicles, little flesh

343
Q

Asteroidea

A

sea stars, usually 5 arms, central disc, gonads in each arm,

344
Q

pyloric caeca

A

nutrient storage

345
Q

Asteroidea digestive

A

short esophagus - saccular cardiac stomach – pyloric stomach – pyloric caeca (in each arm)
short intestine connected to pyloric stomach and anus

346
Q

Asteroidea canals

A

stone canal joins madreporite to ring canal, radial canal extends into each arm, lateral canals lead from radial to ampullae of tube feet

347
Q

Asteroidea tube feet

A

cylindrical tube (podium) w/ suction disc at external end, rounded ampulla at internal end, ampulla contraction = podia extension, podia muscles allow directional movement, contraction of all podium muscle = water back into ampulla

348
Q

Steroid tube feet functions

A

walking, gas exchange, prey capture, release ammonia

349
Q

Ophiuroidea

A

5 arms, central disk, more mobile, rowing motions of arms for movement not podia, podia for suspension feeding

350
Q

Echinoidea

A

regular - sea urchin, irregular - heart urchin, sea biscuit, sand dollar. rigid test covered w/ tubercles that articulate w/ base of spine and stalk of pedicellaria

351
Q

Echinoidea ossicles

A

interlocking plate-like ossicles in rows from aboral apex - mouth, plates in alternating double columns of ambulacra and interambulacra

352
Q

ambulacral plates

A

have pairs of pores, tube foot extends from each pair of pores

353
Q

Aristotles lantern

A

40 ossicles, interconnected by 60muscles, moves 5 teeth during feeding, teeth protrude from peristomial membrane surrounding mouth and scrape algal fails /bite chunks

354
Q

Holothuroidea

A

elongate along oral-aboral axis, microscopic skeletal ossicles embedded in dermis, mouth surrounded by buccal podia tentacles - enlarged branched podia of WVS, sedentary suspension/deposit feeders

355
Q

Holothuroidea reproductive system

A

single gonad- ovary or testis, suspended form dorsal mesentery, large # narrow tubules in 2 mop-like bunches

356
Q

Holothuroidea gas exchange

A

2 respiratory trees, main trunk extend from cloaca, branch repeatedly w/i coelom, seawater sucked in to cloaca by contracting cloacal suspensor muscle

357
Q

Holothuroidea diestive

A

mouth – pharynx – short esophagus - all in aqua pharyngeal bulb
5 pharyngeal retractor muscle bundles from aqua pharyngeal bulb to body wall midway down length of body
esophagus - muscular stomach - long narrow intestine - short wide cloaca

358
Q

Holothuroidea WVS

A

ring canal large, encircles esophagus gives rise to: 2+ elongated pollen vesicles, mid dorsal stone canals lead to madreporites, 5 radial canals – ampullae of tube feet

359
Q

Holothuroidea body wall

A

beneath epidermis thick layer connective tissue dermis w/ collagen, ecm, mesenchyme. ossicles embedded in dermis. long. muscles in 4 strongly developed bands within ambulacral zones, 5 pharyngeal retractor muscles connect to long. body wall muscles

360
Q

Echinoderm gas exchange

A

thin-walled podia, papulae

361
Q

papulae

A

small, thin-walled sacs over aboral surface

outer layer = epidermal epithelium, inner = mesothelium

362
Q

sand dollar flower pattern

A

petaloid podia
holes for brand podia that function exclusively for gas exchange
dark brown, broad flaps lined-up side by side

363
Q

10 small slits in central disc of ophiuroid

A

entrance to bursae - thin-walled, internal pouches that water circulates through for gas exchange

364
Q

Phylum Chordata

A

vertebrates +invertebrates, urochordates s.g. to craniates

365
Q

Chordata main characteristics

A

notochord
dorsal hollow nerve cord
pharyngeal perforations
post-anal tail

366
Q

Subphylum Urochordata

A

Tunicates/ascidians/sea squirts (all the same)- sessile adults, solitary or colonial
Larvaceans, thaliaceans (sales)
notochord, nerve cord only in larval stage
body covered w/ tunic (protein+tunicin polysaccharide), all marine, no parasites

367
Q

Class Ascidiacea

A

most urochordates, almost entirely suspension feeders, U shaped gut, endostyle, cerebral ganglion, tubular heart that reverses pumping direction, tadpole larvae w/ muscular tail

368
Q

Ascidian feeding

A

draw water into buccal siphon- particles extracted by branchial basket (perforated pharynx) - water exits though atrial siphon

369
Q

Ascidian feeding exception

A

deep ocean species, gaping 2-lobed buccal siphon that snaps shut on passing zoop.

370
Q

Ascidian larval metamorphosis

A

larvae only 1day, no feeding - settles - secretions from adhesive papillae - metamorphosis - retract tail - loss of 3/4 chordate characters

2016/2017 (15 decks)

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