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2016/2017 > BIOL 311 > Flashcards

BIOL 311 Flashcards

1
Q

surface of the Earth covered by ocean

A

71%

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2
Q

average depth of the ocean

A

3700m

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3
Q

Number of oceans

A

5

Arctic, Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Southern

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4
Q

Abiotic environment

A 
solar radiation
temperature
salinity
density
pressure
ocean currents
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5
Q

solar radiation lost to upper atmosphere

A

50%

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6
Q

solar radiation that makes it to the ocean

A

5% of remaining reflected
50% of remaining IR and UV - heat
50% of remaining visible spectrum

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7
Q

PAR

A

photosynthetic active radiation

spectral range of solar radiation- 400-700 nm- that photosynthetic organisms are able to use in photosynthesis

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8
Q

UV effect in the ocean

A

only upper 5-10m

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9
Q

lines of constant T

A

isotherms

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10
Q

Temperature regulated by

A

solar energy input

water mixing

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11
Q

temperature gradients

A

large latitudinal gradient

increasing up to the equator from N and S

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12
Q

maximal seasonal temperature changes

A

mid-latitudes

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13
Q

Influence of solar radiation on marine life

A 
Photosynthesis E source
T changes of the ocean
Animal vision
Physiological rhythms
Depression of biological activity
Damage by UV
Controls vertical distribution of photosyn. organisms
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14
Q

Effect of solar radiation on physiological rhythms

A

Migration (e.g. salmon, turtles)
Movement to/from feeding grounds
Adjustment of position in intertidal

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15
Q

How solar radiation affects biological activity

A

high light deactivates proteins and DNA

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16
Q

Mixed layer

A

c.a 150m

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17
Q

increased temperature

A

increased productivity
decreased nutrients
disrupt equilibrium
stressful to system

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18
Q

Influence of temperature on marine life

A

Controls rate of chemical rxn’s and biological properties
Affects density of seawater
Influences dissolution of gases

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19
Q

Example of biological properties influenced by temperature

A

metabolism

growth

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20
Q

Important gasses influenced by T

A

CO2, O2

lower T = more gases

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21
Q

Latitudinal distributions of animals

A

summer migration b/c isotherms move up

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22
Q

Extremes of temperature regulation

A

Homeotherms

Poikilotherm

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23
Q

Homeotherm

A

maintains Tb at a constant level, usually above that of the environment - mammals, birds

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24
Q

Examples of intermediate temperature regulation

A

strong swimming fish retain heat from muscular action (Tuna)

Intertidal animals lower Tb by evap./circulation of body fluids

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25
Q

Extremes of temperature tolerance

A

Eurythermic

Stenothermic

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26
Q

Poikilotherm

A

internal temperature varies considerably- most fish, subtotal inverts.

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27
Q

Can withstand large ranges of temperatures

A

Eurythermic

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28
Q

salinity of open ocean

A

33-37

average 35

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29
Q

salinity units

A 
we don't use units to describe salinity anymore (previously ppt)
# of g per kg of seawater
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30
Q

salinity is measured in

A

conductivity

positive linear relationship with salt

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31
Q

Major constituents of seawater

A

Na, Cl, SO4, Mg, Ca, K

conservative elements

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32
Q

Organisms restricted to narrow temperature range

A

Stenothermic

e.g. corals

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33
Q

max salinity

A

mid latitudes

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34
Q

lines of constant salinity

A

isohalines

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35
Q

controls on salinity

A

precipitation
evaporation
runoff to a smaller degree

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36
Q

high salinity

A

evaporation > precipitation

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37
Q

latitude vs salinity graph

A

low at 60º N/S
high at 30º N/S
low at 0º N/S
very low at 90ºS

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38
Q

low salinity

A

precipitation > evaporation
near mouths of rivers
glacial melt

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39
Q

Influences of salinity on marine life

A

Osmosis
Diffusion
density changes (indirect)

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40
Q

affect of salinity on organisms in neritic environment

A

very affected

e.g. intertidal, tidal pools, enclosed marginal seas

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41
Q

affect of salinity on nekton

A

in smaller ways

fish drink water to compensate for osmotic loss, excrete salts in urine through gills

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42
Q

extremes of salinity tolerance

A

Euryhaline

Stenohaline

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43
Q

Euryhaline

A

adapt to a wide range of salinities

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44
Q

secondary thermocline

A

may form in the summer due to increased heating, decreased mixing

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45
Q

T-S diagram

A

Temperature vs. Salinity

curved lines across box = isopycnals(?)

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46
Q

latitude vs evap-precip

A

same shape as lat. vs. salinity but more extreme lows
low at 60ºN/S = p > e
high at 30ºN/S = e > p
very low at equator = e

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47
Q

density is a measure of

A

mass per unit volume

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48
Q

density is influenced by

A

Temperature

Salinity

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49
Q

how salinity affects density

A

increased salinity = increased density

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50
Q

what defines water masses

A

temperature
salinity
density

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51
Q

how temperature affects density

A

increased temperature = decreased density

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52
Q

latitude - density map

A

highest at high/low lats.
decreased down to equator - U/valley shaped
c.a. opposite of lat.-T map
a function of T and S

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53
Q

deep water formation

A

Antarctic bottom water

North Atlantic Deep Water

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54
Q

basic vertical structure of the water column

A

mixed layer
-clines
deep water

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55
Q

depth vs salinity graphs

A

high lats. = low at surface, increase in halocline, c.a. 35 at depth
low lats. = high at surface, decrease through halocline, c.a. 35 at depth

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56
Q

depth vs T graph

A

high at surface
decreases through thermocline
near 0 at depth

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57
Q

depth vs pycnocline

A

low at surface (lightest water mass)
increase through pycnocline
densest at depth (heaviest)

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58
Q

pressure is a measure of

A

the weight of the overlying water column per unit area at a particular depth

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59
Q

pressure changes with depth

A

increases nearly linearly

1 atm per 10m depth

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60
Q

pressure units

A

1 atm = 1 bar = 10 dbar

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61
Q

stenohaline

A

restricted to very narrow ranges of salinity

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62
Q

Thermohaline basics

A

circulation of the world oceans
caused by differences in density of water masses
regulates global T’s

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63
Q

Influence of density on marine life

A

affects floatation/sinking

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64
Q

how to measure depth

A

pressure

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65
Q

Influence of pressure on marine life

A

can be exposed to great pressure
biological effects not well understood
deep sea organisms don’t have gas filled organs

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66
Q

pressure faced by deep sea organisms

A

1000atm

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67
Q

why are pressure affects on deep sea organisms not well known

A

difficulties associated with collecting deep sea organisms

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68
Q

extremes of pressure tolerance

A

Eurybathic

Stenobathic

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69
Q

Average depth of the ocean

A

3700m

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70
Q

average pressure of the ocean

A

370atm

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71
Q

adapted to a wide range of pressures

A

Eurybathic - mostly shelf organisms with vertical migrations

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72
Q

creates/maintains surface currents

A

Earths rotation
Presence of continents
Wind/Weather

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73
Q

example of the affect of continents on ocean surface circulation

A

around Antarctica - no continents in the way, steady, fast current that is well maintained (Antarctic circumpolar current)

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74
Q

Affects of current on marine life

A

affect PP - upwelling/downwelling (ex. Peruvian west coast, extremely productive)

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75
Q

Upwelling (and downwelling) is a function of

A

Corialis force

Eckman transport

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76
Q

BC upwelling zone

A

not permanent because we are between two surface currents and the boundary moves seasonally

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77
Q

BC surface currents

A

California current

Alaska current

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78
Q

Ocean divisions based on light

A

Euphotic c.a. 100m
Disphotic c.a. 100-1000m
Aphotic c.a. max depth

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79
Q

Ocean divisions based on nearness to shore

A

Neritic - to edge of outer continental shelf

Pelagic - continental slope and beyond

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80
Q

Divisions of the pelagic zone (with depth)

A

epipelagic - to top of continental slope, c.a. 200m, euphotic in upper half
mesopelagic 200-1000m
bathypelagic 1000-4000
Abyssopelagic 4000- max depth

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81
Q

supralittoral

A

above high tide line

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82
Q

divisions of the continental shelf

A

littoral - high tide, low tide

sublittoral - inner, outer shelf

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83
Q

Euphotic zone

A

layer closer to the surface that receives enough light for photosynthesis to occur
down to 1% light
150-200m in clear water

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84
Q

disphotic zone

A

also twilight zone

light enough to see but not enough for photosynthesis

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85
Q

subdivisions of the bottom of the ocean

A 
littoral 
sublittoral
bathyal
abyssal 
hadal
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86
Q

sublittoral

A

region of the ocean bottom between the low tide line and the edge of the continental shelf

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87
Q

euphotic zone in Saanich inlet

A

20m

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88
Q

what are plankton

A

floaters that drift with ocean currents

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89
Q

main groups of plankton

A

bacterioplankton
phytoplankton
zooplankton

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90
Q

plankton are characterized by

A

size

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91
Q

plankton sizes

A 
Megaplankton (200-2000mm)
Macroplankton (20-200mm)
Mesoplankton (.2-20mm)
Microplankton (.02-.2mm)
Nanoplankton (.002-.02mm)
Picoplankton (.2-2µm)
Femtoplankton (.02-.2µm)
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92
Q

megaplankton

A

jellies

siphonophore and slap colonies

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93
Q

Macroplankton

A

krill

gelatinous zooplankton

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94
Q

mesoplankton

A

adult zooplankton

larval fish

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95
Q

microplankton

A

diatoms
dinoflagellates
invert. larvae

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96
Q

nanoplankton

A

cyanophytes
coccolithophores
silicoflagelates

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97
Q

picoplankton

A

cyanobacteria

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98
Q

femtoplankton

A

viruses

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99
Q

Nekton

A

swimmers
movement independent of ocean currents
some capable of long migration

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100
Q

nekton distribution controlled by

A 
salinity
temperature
density
pressure
food availability
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101
Q

Nekton examples

A

adult fish
squid
marine mammals
marine reptiles

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102
Q

majority of oceans plankton are controlled in what size group

A

nanoplankton

microplankton

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103
Q

Benthic organisms

A

bottom dwellers
# decrease with depth
biomass decreases with depth

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104
Q

types of benthic organisms

A

epifauna
infauna
nektobenthos

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105
Q

nektobenthos

A

on the bottom

capable of swimming over seafloor

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106
Q

zooplankton feeding behaviours

A

herbivores
carnivores
omnivores

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107
Q

zooplankton size

A

Less than 1 mm to greater than 1 m

mm - m

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108
Q

zooplankton taxa

A

protozoans
invertebrates - cnidarians, ctenophores, Chaetognaths, arthropods, annelids, molluscs, echinoderms
vertebrates- urochordates, chordates

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109
Q

zooplankton key roles in marine food webs

A

primary consumers

primary link in energy transfer between base of food web and higher trophic levels

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110
Q

main grazers of phytoplankton

A

zooplankton

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111
Q

zooplankton trophic level

A

can occupy numerous levels

depends on length of food chain

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112
Q

zooplankton are a direct resource for

A

fish
seabirds
marine mammals

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113
Q

zooplankton that spend whole life cycle in plankton

A

holoplankton

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114
Q

shorter food chains

A

more efficient energy transfer

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115
Q

meroplankton

A

organisms that spend part of life cycle in plankton
many benthic and nektonic species
may be months - days

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116
Q

benefit to having planktonic larvae

A

provides sessile species means of dispersal

main reason marine populations are open and ‘connected’

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117
Q

squid life cycle

A

unique planktonic life cycle
adults and larvae are planktonic
only eggs are benthic

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118
Q

planktonic protozoan characteristics

A 
single celled
eukaryote
usually solitary (some colonial)
few µm's - 3mm
diverse taxonomically
key component of microbial loop
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119
Q

Ecologically important groups of planktonic protozoans

A

ciliates
foraminiferans
radiolarians

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120
Q

protozoans feed on

A

heterotrophic
bateria
detritus
small phytoplankton

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121
Q

protozoans important for

A

microbial loop

prey source for larger zooplankton

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122
Q

ciliates

A

some of largest free-living protists

up to 2mm long

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123
Q

ciliate structure

A

cell surface covered with short, dense cilia

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124
Q

cilia function

A

beat to propel organism through water and/or draw in food particles

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125
Q

eukaryote

A

contain nuclease and membrane enclosed organelles

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126
Q

foraminifera

A

CaCO3 test

cold water

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127
Q

radiolaria

A

SiO2
tropical/subtropical
pseudopodia

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128
Q

pseudopodia function

A

capture bacteria, phytoplankton, detritus

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129
Q

heterotrophic

A

cannot fix carbon

utilize organic carbon

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130
Q

radiolarians and foraminifera

A

more abundant in past
form extensive sediment layers
important to geologists for dating and determining ancient ocean conditions

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131
Q

protozoan groups

A

ciliates
radiolaria
foraminifera
tintinnid

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132
Q

silica belt

A

‘belt’ of silicious ooze around Antarctica (radiolarians and diatoms)

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133
Q

silica deposits used for

A

cleaners, toothpaste, bug repellant, cosmetic

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134
Q

gelatinous zooplankton

A

‘jellies’

Cnidarians, Ctenophores, primitive chordates

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135
Q

primitive chordates

A

pelagic tunicates:

Sales, Appendicularians

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136
Q

Cnidarians

A

‘true jellyfish’
have nematocysts
can inject very potent toxins

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137
Q

nematocyst

A 
specialized cells
may be barbed
may 'sting'
subdue prey
capture
stick
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138
Q

Ctenophores

A 
'sea gooseberries' 
comb jellies
capture small zooplankton w/ tentacles
have colloblasts
feed on zooplankton or some on other ctenophores
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139
Q

colloblasts

A

specialized cells

sticky cells on tentacles

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140
Q

Salps

A 
pelagic tunicate
filter feeder
form dense patches
cylindrical, gelatinous body w/ opening at each end
unusual life cycle
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141
Q

salp locomotion/feeding

A

pump water through body

catch food particles on internal mucus net continuously secreted

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142
Q

Salp food

A

phytoplankton

bacteria

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143
Q

Salp life cycle

A

solitary asexual stage - forms budding chain of sexual aggregates - each aggregate produces an embryo - embryos in solitary asexual stage

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144
Q

Appendicularian

A 
a.k.a larvacean
primitive chordate, closely related to benthic tunicates, sea squirts
resembles small tadpole
2-10mm long
gelatinous/mucus house 
pump water
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145
Q

larvacean house

A

pump water through
sieves food particles
abandoned when filters clog
abandoned houses part of marine snow

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146
Q

marine snow

A

vector of transporting particles to deep
food source for other organisms
substrate for bacteria/protozoans

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147
Q

Chaetognaphs

A

arrow worms

small phylum

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148
Q

Chaetognath feeding

A

carnivorous raptors
attack plankton several times their size
hang motionless until prey detected
use spines and hooks to grab prey

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149
Q

Planktonic Molluscs

A

veliger larvae

pteropods

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150
Q

veliger larvae

A

planktonic larvae of most molluscs
many spend hours-months in plankton
many of the adults are benthic

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151
Q

pteropods

A

holoplanktonic molluscs
small planktonic snails
temperate/cold waters
foot evolved into paired swimming wings

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152
Q

Pteropod Clades

A

Thecosomes

Gymnosomes

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153
Q

Thecosomes

A

thin, coiled, calcareous shell, very light for floating
few mm - 30mm
sticky mucus web for feeding
e.g. Limacina spp.

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154
Q

Gymnosomes

A

naked (shell-less)
elongate
feed exclusively on thecosomes
e.g. Clione spp.

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155
Q

most diverse group of eukaryotes on Earth

A

Arthropods

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156
Q

Arthropods are characterized by

A

segmentation
paired, jointed appendages
hard, external skeleton

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157
Q

most important marine arthropods

A

crustaceans

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158
Q

Benthic arthropods

A

crabs, lobsters, etc.

usually have usually have meroplanktonic larvae

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159
Q

crustacean larvae

A

nauplius

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160
Q

Planktonic arthropods

A

nauplius larvae
Euphausiids
Amphipods
Copepods

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161
Q

Euphausiids

A 
'krill'
among largest zooplankton 1-10cm long
shrimp like appearance
stalked eyes
multi-yr life cycle - up to 5
major food source to fish, whales
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162
Q

Euphausiid feeding

A

generally omnivorous

filter phyto. and zoop.

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163
Q

commercial krill

A

Euphausia pacifica
500 tonnes/yr in Strait of Georgia
others spp. 10^5 tonnes/yr in Antarctic

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164
Q

Krill migration

A

diel vertical migration

each night go up in water column to feed (dawn ascent), come back down in day (dawn descent)

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165
Q

visualizing diel vertical migrations

A

acoustic backscatter (can be seen by VENIS mooring)

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166
Q

UTC

A

coordinated universal time

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167
Q

BC time

A

Pacific Time Zone

UTC -08:00

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168
Q

Amphipods

A

laterally compressed c/w krill
almost exclusively carnivorous
direct development (no nauplius)
often live commensally w/ jellies

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169
Q

Most abundant zooplankton by far

A

copepod

usually >80%

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170
Q

Copepoda

A 
c.a. 2000 spp.
main phyto. grazers
vertical migration
100s of µm - 10mm
major prey of young fish
key link to higher trophic levels
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171
Q

Copepod feeding

A

often consume >1/2 body weight in phyto./ day

some are carnivorous or omnivorous

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172
Q

Autotroph

A

producer

produce complex organic compounds

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173
Q

plankton sampling net

A

SCOR net
60cm diameter
250µm mesh

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174
Q

how to tell how much water has gone through plankton sampling net

A

flow meter
4 dials that turn opposite direction sequentially
write down #’s to start and at end

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175
Q

what we do with samples once retrieved

A

use splitter to split in half
freeze half for biomass measurement
preserve half in formalin for ID

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176
Q

how plankton sampling net works

A

tow up from bottom
send messenger down to hit release mechanism
hard holding top of net is let go
net is folded over

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177
Q

copepod morphology

A

straight body, antennae as long as body, 5 pairs swim legs, 1-5mm long, 3 body sections, no eyes

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178
Q

copepod body sections

A

prosome - ‘head’ + first body segment
metasome- posterior 1/2 of body
urosome - narrow posterior, looks like tail

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179
Q

copepod cephalasome

A

prosome + metasome

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180
Q

most common type of planktonic copepods

A

calanoid copepods

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181
Q

copepod taxonomy

A 
Phylum Crustacea
Subclass Copepoda
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182
Q

amphipod morphology

A

half-moon shaped, shorter antennae, 7 prs. walking legs, 2-50mm, laterally compressed, humpbacked, unstalked black eyes

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183
Q

amphipod body segments

A

head/thorax- head, antennae, body, walking legs

abdomen- posterior section of body, pleopods, uropods

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184
Q

determine plankton abundance

A

take pipette sample - count - extrapolate to size of sample - x2 (b/c half is frozen) - / volume of water filtered by net

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185
Q

how to find out volume of water filtered by net

A

flow meter or
V = pie * r^2 * h
x by efficiency

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186
Q

Euphausiid taxonomy

A

Phylum Curstacea

Order Euphausiacea

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187
Q

Euphausiid morphological characteristics

A 
krill, curved body
shrimp-like body
prominent, stalked eyes
2 main body sections
not laterally compressed
usually largest crustacean zoop., 10-60mm
5 pairs of swimming legs
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188
Q

Euphausiid behaviour characteristics

A

form huge swarms

strong vertical migrators

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189
Q

Euphausiid body segments

A

anterior fused carapace

posterior segmented abdomen

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190
Q

Pteropod taxonomy

A

Phylum Mollusca

Order Pteropoda

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191
Q

Pteropods

A

sea butterflies
pelagic swimming gastropods
wing-like structures adapted from molluscan foot
shelled or shell-less

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192
Q

local pteropod genus

A

Limacina

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193
Q

most common shell-less pteropod genus

A

Clione

local Clione species feeds exclusively on Limacina

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194
Q

common local Euphausiids

A

Euphausia pacifica

Thysanoessa spinifera

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195
Q

Larvacean taxonomy

A

Phylum Chordata

Class Larvacea

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196
Q

Larvacean characteristics

A

not invertebrates
head, long tail, notochord
5-25mm
mucus house

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197
Q

Phylum Chaetognatha characteristics

A 
arrow worms
elongate arrow-shape
3 paired fins
1-10cm 
c.a. 60spp. 
do not have clearly differentiated head 
eyespots 
grasping spines on head
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198
Q

common local Chaetognath

A

Sagitta

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199
Q

Chaetognath feeding

A

exclusively carnivorous

prey on other zoop. and larval

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200
Q

Ostracod

A

segmented crustacean w/ head, thorax, abdomen all enclosed in hinged carapace which is held shut by strong muscles
most species

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201
Q

UTC

A

Coordinated Universal Time
PDT +7 hours
7 hours ahead of BC

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202
Q

why would organisms want to undergo diel vertical migration

A

avoid predation expenditure of energy (cooler waters at bottom during day)

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203
Q

phytoplankton size

A

<2µm - 2mm
most <100 µm
chains = several mm

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204
Q

phytoplankton coverings

A

SiO2
CaCO3
cellulose
ornamented

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205
Q

phytoplankton are

A 
unicellular microscopic algae
mostly individual (some chains)
floaters (or weak swimmers)
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206
Q

Phytoplankton role in marine ecosystem

A

primary producer - photoautotroph
link abiotic and biotic environments
produce organic material

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207
Q

Phytoplankton photosynthetic pigments

A

chlorophyll a

accessory pigments

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208
Q

Photosynthesis

A

H2O + CO2 + E – CH2O + O2

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209
Q

Ecologically important phytoplankton groups

A

cyanobacteria (prokaryote)
Diatoms (eukaryote)
Coccolithophore (e)
Dinoflagellates (e)

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210
Q

why do diel migrations not go all the way to the bottom in Saanich Inlet?

A

anoxic layer!

depth of diel migration is probably the o-a boundary

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211
Q

Diel

A

a 24 hour cycle

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212
Q

Best time to sample for phytoplankton based on acoustic backscatter?

A

Dawn - zooplankton have undergone vertical migration (down) and will not be grazing/in the way

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213
Q

First photosynthetic organisms

A

cyanobacteria

c.a. 3.5bya

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214
Q

free oxygen in atmosphere

A

c.a. 2 bya

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215
Q

possible origin of photosynthetic organisms

A

purple sulfur bacteria
reduce C to carbs
photosyn. but no O2 release
use H2S not H2O

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216
Q

Prokaryotic phytoplankton

A

Cyanobacteria

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217
Q

2 groups of cyanobacteria

A 
Coccoid cyanobacteria (Synechococcus)
Prochlorophythes (Prochlorococcus)
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218
Q

why are we only concerned with 2 groups of cyanobacteria

A

they are ubiquitous and represent a large fraction of phytoplankton biomass and productivity in the oceans

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219
Q

discovery of Synechococcus

A

1980’s by its intense orange phycoerythrin fluorescence

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220
Q

largest group of zooplankton

A

copepods, by far

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221
Q

smallest known photoautotroph

A

Prochlorococcus (prochlorophythes)
single cell
thrives in oligotrophic regions

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222
Q

Prochlorococcus discovery

A

late 1980s

dim red fluorescence detected

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223
Q

Synechococcus

A

solitary cells or clusters/pairs

accidental discovery

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224
Q

other cyanobacteria group

A

Trichodesmium

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225
Q

diazotroph

A

bacteria/archaea that fix atmos. N gas into a more usable form such as ammonia
-water must be calm, warm

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226
Q

Best known planktonic diazotroph

A

Trichodesmium

colonial or free-living

227
Q

Diatoms

A

single cell or chains
two types of cells
frustule

228
Q

Diatom cell types

A

centric (radial)

pennate (bilateral)

229
Q

diatom frustule

A 
SiO2 or Opal
Epitheca (top)
Hypotheca (bottom)
Cingulum (girdle bands, overlap)
pores 
Pseudoseptum, septum in epitheca
230
Q

chain-forming diatom cell type

A

pennate and centrics

231
Q

diatom productivity is highest

A

in areas of upwelling

west coasts

232
Q

coccolithophore

A

unicell or colony
may be flagellated
body scales
affect climate

233
Q

coccolithophore scales

A

coccoliths

CaCO3

234
Q

coccolithophore impacts

A

produce CO2 during calcification
produce DMS - cloud formation
produce biogenic sediments

235
Q

calcification

A

2HCO3- + Ca 2+ — CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O

236
Q

coccolithophore sediments

A

calcareous ooze

chalk/limestone (lithified ooze)

237
Q

diatom sediments

A 
siliceous ooze
diatomaceous earth (lithified ooze)
238
Q

Dinoflagellates

A 
unicells, chains
2 flagella (sometimes)
rotary swimming
theca
may bioluminesce
may produce toxins
239
Q

difference between cyanobacteria and other bacteria

A

cyano. - autotrophic

other bacteria - heterotrophic

240
Q

how cyanobacteria are unique compared with other photosynthesizers

A

have accessory pigments to cover more of spectrum - allows success in various habitats

241
Q

theca

A

dinoflagellate covering

cellulose plates

242
Q

prokaryote photosynthesizer

A

cyanobacteria

243
Q

Cingulum

A

area where diatom thecae overlap

expands w/ cell growth

244
Q

Centric diatoms

A

predominantly planktonic

245
Q

Diatom covering

A

organic layer outside of frustule to prevent dissolution

246
Q

frustule studies

A

lots of concern over how they’re formed and used

nanotechnology, medical, space, neuro

247
Q

HAB

A

harmful algal bloom
aggregation of dinof.
harmful effects to humans and marine environment
some contain poisonous toxins

248
Q

most abundant element on Earth

249
Q

HAB in coastal BC waters

A

Alexandium catenella
saxitoxin
PSP

250
Q

saxitoxin

A

neurotoxin

Na channel blocker

251
Q

PSP

A

paralytic shellfish poisoning

252
Q

Adaptations for planktonic existence

A 
small size
spines
chain forming
ionic regulation of cell 
lipids/oil drops
gas vesicles 
carbohydrate ballast
flagella
253
Q

planktonic adaptation, small size

A

staying afloat

254
Q

planktonic adaptations, spines

A

increase SA:V

increase drag

255
Q

planktonic adaptations, chain forming

A

reduce sinking

256
Q

planktonic adaptations, ionic regulation

A

actively release heavier ions

makes them lighter (diatoms)

257
Q

planktonic adaptations, lipids/oil

A

increase buoyancy

nutrient storage

258
Q

planktonic adaptations, gas vesicles

A

internal tubes filled with air to move up
increase buoyancy
(cyanobacteria)

259
Q

planktonic adaptations, carbohydrate ballast

A

create carbs to fill tubes and reduce air in them move down
sinking for nutrients
(cyanobacteria)

260
Q

planktonic adaptation, flagella

A

locomotion

261
Q

Importance of phytoplankton

A 
PP - food chain base
Form extensive blooms
Influence atmospheric/aquatic chemistry
Form oil, siliceous, and limestone deposits
Impact global climate
Geochemical cycle
262
Q

Phytoplankton chemistry changes

A

Produce O2
Drawdown CO2
Sink carbon
Contribute to cloud formation

263
Q

Control of Si levels in surface waters

A

Si cycle controlled by diatoms

264
Q

Planktoniella sol

A

mucogenic extensions (like a sun) parachute that helps float

265
Q

Pennate diatom environment

A

predominantly benthic

266
Q

Problem with chain forming/colonial diatoms

A

can be harmful to farmed fish - Si sharp, tear up gills

farm fish can’t leave area

267
Q

first plankton to bloom in spring

A

diatoms

abundant in cool, nutrient rich waters

268
Q

why are nutrients high in deep waters

A

not being used
accumulate -sinking of unused particles/detritus
remineralized back in to useable forms by heterotrophic bacteria

269
Q

Area between nutrient high deep waters and nutrient low surface

A

Nutricline

270
Q

Pseudo-nitzschia

A

pennate, stick together at ends, produce neurotoxin (demoic acid)

271
Q

Coccolithophore impact on carbon system

A

variable depending on shell formation and sink
in surface water approx. equal
long term = sink

272
Q

Emiliania

A

abundant coccolith that produces DMS - cloud nuclei

273
Q

phytoplankton reproduction

A

asexual
up to 1 daughter/ day
exponential growth in #s

274
Q

Effects of ocean acidification

A

lowers shell integrity, dissolves

decreases ability for plate formation

275
Q

Red tides

A

HAB
mostly dinoflagellates
(not always red)

276
Q

First true oceanographic research cruise

A

Challenger Expedition

277
Q

Challenger expedition

A 
1872 - 1876
Atlantic, Pacific, Southern oceans
physical, chemical, bio sampling
deep sea currents
discovery of Marianas Trench
278
Q

Considerations for choice of sampling methods and design

A 
target - organisms? fish, viruses?
who 
how many - abundance?
how often -spatially/temporally
what do they do - productivity, movement
279
Q

Sampling considerations, target

A

size
age-structure
whole community

280
Q

Sampling considerations, how many, how often

A

Numeric abundance (individuals / m3)
Biomass (mg chla/m3)
spatial/temporal trends in abundance (within or between)

281
Q

Sampling considerations, what do they do

A

Movement - vertical migration

Productivity - rate of population growth

282
Q

Sampling considerations, physical data

A

CTD probe
irradiance (PAR)
[O2]
chlorophyll fluorescence

283
Q

Light absorbed by chl a

A

use in photosynthesis
dissipated as heat
re-emitted as fluorescent red light (5%)

284
Q

Measuring chlorophyll fluorescence in vivo

A

excite seawater sample w/ blue light - chl absorbed by chl - chl fluoresces – measure red light produced

285
Q

mechanisms for measuring chl in vivo

A 
sample tube
blue LED
red filter
photo diode detector
volt meter
286
Q

Water sampling

A

Traditional - Niskin bottle suspended from a wire

Modern Method - CTD-Rosette

287
Q

water sampling, traditional method

A

discrete depth measurements

bottles ‘tripped’ close with ‘messengers’ (weights)

288
Q

water sampling, modern method

A

up to 36 niskins in a frame
CTD, fluorometer
real-time data
computer controlled firing

289
Q

Niskin bottles used for

A

quantitative sampling: phytoplankton, bacteria, virusis

290
Q

Phytoplankton sampling (biomass)

A

usually estimated with [Chl]

291
Q

Qualitative phytoplankton sampling

A

fine mesh net (less than 20µm)

not used often - too fine, tears easily

292
Q

Counting/Identifying bacteria, phytoplankton

A

Inverted light/epifluorescence microscopy
Flow cytometer
Cell/particle counter (mainly phyto.)
submersible flow cytometer (mainly phyto.)
Imaging particle analysis (phyto. and zoo.)
Sediment traps (settling material)

293
Q

zooplankton sampling

A

net
net system
computer-assisted counting technology
high-frequency acoustics (biomass)

294
Q

zooplankton net size

A

70µm - greater than 1mm

295
Q

types of zooplankton nets

A

ring net
closing net
bongo net
tucker trawl

296
Q

multiple zooplankton net system

A

MOCNESS

Multiple Opening/Closing Net and Environmental Sensing System

297
Q

how in situ fluorescence measurement works

A

Blue light in – red light out in a manner proportional to amount of chl

298
Q

bottom of euphotic zone

A

irradiance less than 1%

299
Q

computer assisted zooplankton counter

A

Optical Plankton Counter

300
Q

Vertically stratified sampling

A

determine differences in depth distribution (#s, biomass)
using basic nets - tow up from bottom - another sample from mid - another from surface - use subtraction to find different depths
needs many samples

301
Q

Net sampling problems

A

nets don’t catch everything
patchiness
get clogged
logistics - sample processing

302
Q

epifluorescence microscope

A

put organisms in, let them settle (~24hrs), shines specific wavelengths – small to large range of cells

303
Q

Flow Cam

A

larger cells, similar to flow cytometer, laser, takes picture when laser hits a particle

304
Q

Submersible flow cytometer

A

characterize light signatures, also takes pictures

305
Q

velocity of water in front of plankton net

A

increases closer to net

Organisms that can sense hydrodynamic disturbance can avoid the net

306
Q

sediment trap

A 
understand C transfers measure ‘raining’ of particles/marine snow
mesh top (to keep fish out) – funnel – tube (on a timer so it moves to the next tube)
307
Q

Sediment traps

A 
long lines 
moored to bottom
different depths
tethered to surface
free drifting (acoustic release and recovery)
308
Q

Ring net

A

zooplankton sampling of large portion of water column not multiple specific depth samples

309
Q

velocity through net mouth vs time

A

measured for flowmeter in middle and out to side of net, difference between the two gives an idea of how clogged net is getting

310
Q

CPR

A

Continuous (Zoo) Plankton Recorder

311
Q

CPR used when

A

towed by ships of opportunity

312
Q

how CPR works

A

water flow – filtering silk– silk rolled into storage tank w/ formalin
later id’d, counted
‘greenness’ = weak indicator

313
Q

CPR coverage

A

greatest along major shipping routes

314
Q

optical counting methods

A

count and size zoop. automatically

can’t ID

315
Q

VPR

A

Video Plankton Recorder

collects underway video images of zooplankton

316
Q

BIOMAPER II

A

comines VPR w/ CTD, bioacoustics, fluorometer, etc.

317
Q

Bioacoustics measurements

A

high frequency (200kHz) pulse emitted from hull-mounted echosounder (or installed on platforms)

318
Q

how bioacoustics works

A

ping every 2s, record vertical, temporal variations in [organism] in water column
reflects off zooplankton (and fish)
used to measure diel vertical migration

319
Q

ZAP measures

A

concentrations and patterns throughout the year

320
Q

problems with ZAP

A

acoustic backscatter
background noise masks acoustic scatter
no ID - requires direct sampling for verification
acoustic dead zone - difficult to measure benthic

321
Q

information collected on event logs

A

date, station name, physical conditions, event #, event type, time, lat/long., bottom depth, cast depth, extra notes

322
Q

Graphing, figure caption

A 
figure numbered sequentially
specific, concise
what, where, when 
date, organization, data handling 
details of legend
323
Q

Graphing, lines

A

continuous data = solid line

discrete data = dotted/dashed line

324
Q

Graphing, colour mixing

A

avoid using red/green together
don’t use colours close in hue
avoid grayscale

325
Q

Graphing, font and details

A

leading zeros on decimals
significant fig.’s only
capital letters for parts (A.)
At least 9pt. and bold

326
Q

Plankton distribution

A

not homogenous

differences due to light, nutrients

327
Q

In vivo fluorescence data

A

not very accurate

needs to be quantified w/ physical samples

328
Q

over-interpreting discrete data

A

actual trend may differ significantly from estimated trend line
can cause misleading conclusions
be cautious when interpreting

329
Q

combination plot

A

multiple x-axes

useful for comparisons and co-varying trends

330
Q

graph dimensions

A

oceanographic graphs are usually taller than wide

331
Q

waterfall plot

A

multiple profiles on same graph

add constant to successive plots to spread them out for visual ease

332
Q

plotting zooplankton data

A

stacked bar graph
abundance vs station
stacks are the taxa

333
Q

our sampling boat

A

MSV John Strickland

334
Q

Sampling we did

A

CTD
Niskin
Net tow

335
Q

Sampling we did, CTD

A 
salinity
temperature
density
PAR
fluorescence
dissolved oxygen
336
Q

Sampling we did, Niskins

A 
Dissolved nutrients (Nitrate, Phosphate, Silicic acid)
Phytoplankton biomass (chl a)
337
Q

Sampling we did, zooplankton nets

A

taxonomy

biomass

338
Q

How CTD measurements are taken

A

lower through water column 1m/s

339
Q

type of CTD we use

A

SeaBird SBE19
SBE43 Oxygen sensor
WetLabs Wetstar fluorometer
Biospherical PAR

340
Q

How we measured Chl

A

glass fibre filter (0.7µm) into filtration funnel base - measure some water - draw through filter with vacuum (5mm Hg) - rinse w/ FSW - freeze - dry - weigh

341
Q

Our zooplankton net

A

60cm diameter SCOR net
250µm mesh
closing attachment
flow meter

342
Q

How the net is towed

A

1m/s up (I think we did 0.5m/s)

faster = net damage

343
Q

Net retrieval

A

carefully bring weights on to deck
wash down so plankton goes in to cod-end (keep it up straight)
never grab by the net
pour into splitter, wash with FSW, freeze half, preserve half

344
Q

role of phytoplankton in the ocean

A

fix CO2 into organic matter
pass Corg from producers – consumers and the deep
Return C to seawater

345
Q

how carbon is returned to seawater

A 
respiration 
bacterial decomposition (remineralization, decay)
346
Q

Where carbon ends up in ocean

A

returned to seawater or ‘locked away’ in sediments

347
Q

How satellites measure phytoplankton

A

reflectance of light (at certain wavelengths) is altered by algae

348
Q

PB

A

phytoplankton biomass
standing stock
total phytoplankton in a given area or volume of water

349
Q

PP

A

Primary productivity

RATE at which organic matter is produced by PP’s via photosynthesis

350
Q

Phytoplankton ‘bloom’

A

accumulation of biomass in a particular area, typically from increase PP/cell division

351
Q

productivity is

A

a change with TIME

352
Q

PB measured as

A

cells/L m^2 or m^3

g C or N/L or /m^2
g Chlorophyll a/L m^2 m^3

353
Q

PB #cells measured how

A

counted with microscope or particle counter

354
Q

PB g C measured how

A

elemental analyzer

355
Q

PB g Chlorophyll measured how

A

fluorescence

356
Q

most common way to measure PB

A

fluorescence

(g Chl a / area or volume

357
Q

Methods for measuring Chl

A

In vivo fluorescence
In vitro fluorescence
Remote sensing w/ Satellites

358
Q

In vivo fluorescence

A

flow-through fluorometer emits blue light causing organisms to fluoresce red light which is measured and converted to a Chl estimate

359
Q

In vitro fluorescence

A 
sample sw at various depths
collect samples
filter known volume
extract Chl from filter
put in acetone (24hr)
measure in fluorometer
360
Q

Remote sensing with satellites

A

converts ocean color measurement to Chl a

361
Q

benefit of satellite measuring chlorophyll

A

ability to examine global patterns

362
Q

Satellites can measure how much

A

5-25m depth

363
Q

Important ocean color satellites

A

Coastal Zone Color Scanner (CZCS, 1978-1986)
Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS, 1997-2010)
MERIS (Europe, 2002-2012)
MODIS (NASA, since 2000)

364
Q

GPP

A

Gross PP = total PP

total org. matter produced by phyto. / unit time

365
Q

NPP

A

Net PP = GPP - respiration

amount of org. matter produced by phyto. that is available to primary consumers / unit time

366
Q

Is PP proportional to Biomass

A

sometimes

not always

367
Q

Methods for measuring PP

A 
integrate over temporal/spatial scales
Satellite (months, globally)
O2 mass balance (weeks, mixed layer)
Incubations (days, specific depth)
FRRF (minutes, single cells)
368
Q

FRRF

A

fast repetition rate flourometry – how fast can a single cell grow

369
Q

Incubation methods for measuring primary productivity

A

Measure the evolution of O2
Measure the uptake of CO2 (14C/13C)
Measure the uptake of N or Si (15N, 32Si)

370
Q

how incubations are conducted

A

incubate seawater samples in light and dark bottles (at different light intensities) for several hours

371
Q

O2 technique for measuring primary productivity

A

leave light and dark bottles in water column (different depths) for period of time
measure O2 given off by photosynthesis and utilized during respiration

372
Q

what is incubations

A

tracking the different components of productivity (evolution of O2…) using isotopes to trace movement of component in to cells

373
Q

processes that occur in light bottles

A

photosynthesis

respiration

374
Q

processes that occur in dark bottles

A

respiration

375
Q

Measurement taken from light bottle

A

NPP

PP - Respiration

376
Q

measurement taken from dark bottle

A

Respiration

377
Q

Calculating GPP

A

light bottle + dark bottle

NPP + R

378
Q

Factors that regulate PP

A

Light quantity and quality
Nutrient availability
Grazing Pressure
Temperature (to a lesser degree)

379
Q

Why is temperature not as important of a regulator on PP as the others

A

because organisms adapt

rapid changes in T are more of a factor than T itself

380
Q

Light that reaches ocean surface

A

50% of insolation reaches surface
1/2 of that is absorbed/scattered in first few m’s
1/2 of remaining light is visible spectrum and penetrate water

381
Q

The 1/8 of light that penetrates the ocean in the visible spectrum

A

PAR

photosynthetically active radiation

382
Q

UV spectrum

A

400 - 700nm

383
Q

1/4 of light that is absorbed in the first few m’s of the ocean

A 
UV radiation (380nm) scattered
IR radiation converted to heat
384
Q

Depth to which visible light can penetrate the water column is a function of

A

Wavelength of light

Clarity of the water

385
Q

Penetration of light as a function of wavelength

A

Blue - deeper

Red - shallower

386
Q

Penetration of light as a function of water clarity

A

more particulate/dissolved matter = more rapid absorption/scattering

387
Q

light penetration, open ocean

A

deeper relative to coastal due to less particulates

388
Q

why isn’t max PP at 0m?

A

TOO much UV

photo inhibition

389
Q

compensation depth

A 
NPP = 0
GPP = R
390
Q

Determine NPP, GPP, compensation depth from graph

A

depth vs. PP
NPP and GPP have same shape curve with GPP being a fixed constant larger - that constant is R
comp. depth is where NPP curve goes to 0

391
Q

Net efficiency

A

takes in to account that not the whole ‘cylinder’ of water passes through the net due to the net clogging
80% was determined experimentally

392
Q

What happens below compensation depth

A

productivity may still occur but is lower than productivity

393
Q

Transmittance vs wavelength

A

high and low wavelengths have low transmittance, and it decreases with lower clarity of water

394
Q

Low transmittance =

A

high absorption

particle rich waters

395
Q

Energy vs wavelength

A

low E at 400, 700 nm
highest E 500nm
E curve is lower in more turbid waters
Coastal waters - E barely rises

396
Q

Light intensity decay

A

exponential with depth

397
Q

Light Intensity, I_D

A 
I_o * e^(-k*d)
I_D = radiation at depth
I_o = radiation at surface
k = light extinction coefficient
D = depth 
(exponential equation)
398
Q

Light intensity vs depth

A

max at surface, drops off exponentially

clear ocean water curve is to the right of turbid coastal water

399
Q

How to find the bottom of the euphotic zone

A

use sensor

calculate I_D

400
Q

determining k

A

Radiometer

Secchi disk

401
Q

Radiometer

A

records light intensity directly

402
Q

Secchi disk

A

depth at which it ‘disappears’ is called Secchi disk depth D_s
K = 1.7 / D_s

403
Q

Gravimetric determination of zooplankton biomass

A

filter on petri dish - weigh - put filter paper in filtration funnel - pour sample into funnel - rinse - suction water through filter - filter back on petri - dry in oven (60ºC 24-48hrs) - weigh - / volume of water through net * efficiency * 2 (sample was split in 1/2)

404
Q

zooplankton abundance determination

A

measure amount of water in an jar w/ same amount of liquid as sample - take 10/20mL of sample - put in Bogorov tray - ID and count

405
Q

SCOR

A

Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research

406
Q

Dominant type of zooplankton in our samples

407
Q

what does copepod morphology say about it’s lifestyle

A

no eyes - lives in dark
cephalic sensory organs + appendages - motile
oil/lipids - buoyancy, floating

408
Q

role of phytoplankton in the oceans

A

fix CO2 into org matter
pass OM from prod. - cons.
return C to seawater where deposition ‘locks it away’

409
Q

Carbon is returned to seawater through

A

respiration

bacterial decomp

410
Q

How do phytoplankton deal with variability in light quality

A

use accessory pigments to harvest additional light energy

carotenoids

411
Q

How do phytoplankton deal with variability in high quantity

A

photosynthesis vs irradiance

relationship differed based on water mass and species

412
Q

light intensity decay dependent on

A

particles in water column

413
Q

disphotic zone in turbid waters

414
Q

depth of the euphotic zone

A

compensation depth

1% irradiance

415
Q

photosynthesis and light intensity

A

proportional until P_max

416
Q

P_max

A

maximum photosynthesis value

417
Q

P_gross =

A

Pmax * I / K_I + I
I = ambient PAR
K_I = half saturation constant

418
Q

K_I

A

I when P = Pmax/2

419
Q

P_max response to

A

environmental changes which affect dark rxn’s of photosyn.

420
Q

Comparing P_max and K_I

A

to determine species dominance

421
Q

measure light intensity

A

PAR
light sensor
radiometer

422
Q

K =

A

ln (I_o) - ln(I_D) / D
I_O = light at surface
I_D = light at depth

423
Q

what if K is known but I is not

A

calculate depth a % of light intensity is at
I_D = I_0 * e(-k * d)
0.5 = 1.0 * e(-k * d)

424
Q

beyond P_max

A

photo inhibition
too much light
saturation

425
Q

D_cr

A

critical depth

depth above which total production = total respiration in the water column

426
Q

Ī_D

A

average light intensity

=[ I_o / (kD) ] [ 1 - e ^ -kD]

427
Q

D_cr =

A

I_o / k *I_c
GPP_w = R_w
GPP _w - R_w = 0

428
Q

depth of mixing > D_cr

A

no phytoplankton bloom

429
Q

GPP_w < R_w

A

NPP_w < 0
mixing depth > D_cr
no bloom

430
Q

D_c controlled by

A

transparency of water

seasons

431
Q

why does critical depth affect bloom

A

if cells mixed below D_cr they will be using products faster than producing them

432
Q

what are nutrients

A

chemical substances
support life
dissolved salts
precursors for synthesis of OM

433
Q

N use

A

proteins

nucleic acids

434
Q

P use

A

nucleic acids

teeth, bones, shells

435
Q

Na use

A

body fluid

osmotic regulation

436
Q

Mg use

A

osmotic balance

Chl production

437
Q

S use

A

proteins

cell division

438
Q

Cl use

A

nerve discharge
osmotic regulation
ATP

439
Q

K use

A

nerve discharge
osmotic regulation
enzyme activation

440
Q

Ca use

A

shells
bones
coral
teeth

441
Q

mixing depth < D_cr

A

phytoplankton bloom

can achieve surplus of products

442
Q

Si use

A

tests and other support structures

443
Q

Fe use

A

e- transport

444
Q

GPP_w > R_w

A

NPP_w > 0

bloom

445
Q

nutrient requirements

A

different organisms have different requirements, availability can contribute to changes in community composition, succession

446
Q

nutrients and PP

A

can regulate PP when light is abundant

limiting resource

447
Q

Essential phytoplankton growth elements

A

C, N, H, P, O, Fe, Cu, Mg, Mn, Mo, Zn

Also most require S, K, Ca

448
Q

nutrients essential for some phytoplankton

A

Na, Si, Cl, Co, Se, B, I

449
Q

Vitamins

A

required by most phytoplankton

Vitamin B12, Vit B1, Biotin

450
Q

Vitamin B12

A

cyanocobalamine

cobalamine

451
Q

Vitamin B1

452
Q

phytoplankton and vitamins

A

since most don’t produce vitamins they are actually auxotrophic (produce their own organics)

453
Q

Macronutrient

A

present in µM’s

C, N, P, H, O, Si

454
Q

micronutrients

A

trace elements
present in nM’s
Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn

455
Q

nutrients that are never limiting

A

Na, K, Ca, Mg, Cl, SO4, H2O, CO2

456
Q

nutrients that are limiting

A

N, P, Si, Fe, organics, vitamins
short supply
bio-limiting

457
Q

Bio-limiting nutrient

A

depleted in surface water by biological uptake in photosynthesis
returned at depth from bacterial degradation

458
Q

bio-limiting profile

A

typical low in surface, increase to bottom of euphotic, stabilize with depth

459
Q

Redfield ratio

A

linear regression of dissolved [Nitrate] vs [Phosphate]

106C : 16N : 1P (mol/mol)

460
Q

variations in bio-limiting profiles between regions

A

same overall shape

difference []s at depth due to thermohaline circulation (Pacific > Atlantic)

461
Q

critical depth is calculated based on

A

properties of the water column
e.g. transparency
independent of mixing

462
Q

D_c, D_cr

A

D_cr > D_c always

463
Q

CDT (theory)

A 
Critical depth theory
Gran, Broarud (1935), Sverdrup (1953)
relationship btw light and productivity
underrepresented grazing
does not apply to every region
464
Q

why does CDT not always apply

A

grazing pressures and other limiting factors that affect productivity of the water column

465
Q

biogeochemical cycles

A

nutrient cycles
mineral cycles
flow of nutrients btw ocean, atmosphere, land

466
Q

nutrient biogeochemical cycle

A

inorganic material – OM —- up food web — microbial loop — back to photosyn. zone – IM —

467
Q

biogeochemical cycle controls

A

biotic and abiotic processes

affect form and physical state

468
Q

biotic processes, biogeochemical cycle

A

Inorganics - Organics by phytopl.
CO2, Si(OH)4, NO3
decomp. of OM by bacteria
return inorg to water

469
Q

abiotic processes

A 
wind mixing 
upwelling
river discharge
sewage outfall
atmosphere- ocean diffusion
atmospheric input (dust)
add nutrients to water
470
Q

common PP, PB limiting factor

471
Q

Nitrogen cycle, components

A

N2 (gas), NO3 (nitrate), NO2 (nitrite), NH4 (ammonium), NH3 (ammonia), CO(NH2)2 (urea), Amino acids, other DIN

472
Q

DIN

A

N2, NO3-, NO2-, NH4+, NH3

473
Q

most abundant N species

A

N2 (780µM)
NO3 (0-40µM)
all else 0-3 µM

474
Q

N2 (g) use

A

only by cyanobacteria, must fix in to useable form

475
Q

DON

A

Urea, Amino acids, others

476
Q

preferred N forms for PP

477
Q

dictates preference for any species of a nutrient

A

lowest Energy requirement

478
Q

N used for

A 
aa's 
enzymes, proteins
nucleotides, nucleic acids
ATP
chl
479
Q

To use N as NO3, NO2, urea, etc.

A

must first reduce it to NH4, requires ATP + enzymes

this is why NH4 is preferred (but is low in abidance)

480
Q

processes that bring N to surface waters

A 
runoff
gas exchange
upwelling
deep/winter mixing
denitrification??
481
Q

processes that contribute to loss of N from surface ocean

A

nitrification
fixation
??

482
Q

limiting factor in modern ocean system

483
Q

New production

A

portion of PP that results from utilization of ‘new nitrogen’
mainly NO3, N2

484
Q

regenerated production

A

portion of PP resulting from ‘regenerated nitrogen’

mainly NH4, urea

485
Q

new production

A

ca. = export production

486
Q

Processes that bring Si to surface ocean

A 
Upwelling of nutrient rich H2O 
river/groundwater discharge 
Aeolian 
Hydrothermal processes 
Seafloor weathering 
weathering of silicate minerals
487
Q

Processes that contribute to loss of Si from surface ocean

A

Sedimentation of diatoms, radiolarians, silicoflagellates
“Lost” particulate Si eventually recycled back (dissolution)
Production and dissolution of biogenic bSiO2

488
Q

kinetics of nutrient uptake

A

depend on transport mechanism
passive diffusion
facilitated diffusion

489
Q

passive diffusion

A

V proportional to S
V = uptake rate
S = external concentration of nutrient (substrate)

490
Q

active transport

A

saturation of carriers as S increases

rectangular hyperbola, Michaelis Menten uptake

491
Q

K_s and molecular diffusion

A

lower K_s = higher affinity of carrier site for molecule

492
Q

in limiting nutrient scenarios, K_s

A

low K_s species out-compete and dominate

493
Q

paradox of the plankton

A

different species, different needs, coexisting?

gradients, mixing, many factors constantly changing

494
Q

contemporaneous disequilibrium

A

each species has different nutrient requirements, K_s, K_I, etc.., will dominate in some time and space but conditions will change and favour another species. ever changing balance

495
Q

what is the redfield ratio

A

atomic ratio of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus found in phytoplankton and throughout the deep oceans

496
Q

most N is in the form

A

N2 - not utilized by most plankton

497
Q

N most commonly used by plankton

498
Q

aminoacid formation

A

need NH4, must reduce

NO3 - NO2 - NH4

499
Q

typical plankton cycle

A

spring bloom - use up NO3 - NO3 replenished by winter mixing

500
Q

HNLC

A

High Nitrate Low Chlorophyll regions
3 large regions - 1/3 of oceans
no spring bloom
surplus NO3

501
Q

HNLC regions of the world

A

subarctic Pacific Ocean
eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean
Southern Ocean

502
Q

Fe in the ocean

A

dissolved [Fe] very low
ppm - ppt
less than 0.2 nM
average 0.07nM

503
Q

Fe in the ocean

A

dissolved [Fe] very low
ppm - ppt
less than 0.2 nM
average 0.07nM

504
Q

Fe profile

A

nutrient-like profile

limiting in surface

505
Q

open ocean Fe sources

A

upwelling
Aeolian (dust, ash)
coastal eddies
hydrothermal vents

506
Q

Coastal Fe sources

A

rivers
continental runoff
resuspension of bottom sed.

507
Q

Fe-requiring pathways

A

photosynthesis
nitrogen assimilation
synthesis of chl a

508
Q

nitrogen assimilation, Fe

A

Fe needs for synthesis of Nitrate Reductase (NR) and Nitrite Reductase (NiR)
convert NO3 - NO2 - NH4

509
Q

IRON hypothesis

A

Dr. John Martin, 1986

phyto. growth in HNLC areas limited by Fe availability

510
Q

Testing Iron hypothesis

A

test tubes of natural seawater spike w/ Fe

511
Q

observations of Fe testing

A

dramatic increase in [Chl a]

decrease in [NO3]

512
Q

first Fe experiment

A

1989
Southern ocean
Dr. Martin

513
Q

criticism of Fe experiments

A

skeptical of results
small containers, no mixing
zooplankton removed
possibility of Fe contamination

514
Q

evidence for Fe hypothesis

A

Ice age - less rain, dry dusty Earth - dust blowing over ocean - massive phytoplankton bloom - CO2 drawdown - aid in further climate cooling

515
Q

results of further Fe testing

A

using ultra-clean techniques founds Fe stimulates growth and NO3 uptake in all 3 HNLC regions

516
Q

why are nutrient concentrations higher in deep water

A

remineralization throughout water column
below nutricline nutrients not being used for photosyn.
return > use

517
Q

where do we see deviations from red field ratio

A

fixation of N2

Fe limitation

518
Q

growth and NO3 uptake from Fe experiment

A

mostly occurred in large size cells, diatoms

mainly >10µM

519
Q

open ocean cells

A

generally small

520
Q

size-biased response to Fe

A

picoplankton have lower K_s for Fe

greater SA:V

521
Q

why SA:V matters in size-bias response to Fe

A

pico plankton are better able to absorb molecules in low concentration

522
Q

IronEx 1

A

Oct 1993
1st ocean manipulation
single Fe pulse - 65k ^2, eastern equatorial Pacific
tracked w/ Chl a fluorescence, SF6 inert gas

523
Q

results of IronEx1

A

2-3 days = 3X [Chl a]
4X NPP
no measurable drawdown of NO3, CO2
4 days = fertilized water subjects below pycnocline

524
Q

IronExII

A

June 1995
64km^2 patch, 3X 1 week
tracked w/ Chl a, SF6

525
Q

IronEx II results

A 
19 days, drifted 10-100km/day
2X Phyto growth rates
25X [Chl a]
50% decrease [NO3]
O-A CO2 flux decreased 60%
micro, meso zooplankton biomass doubled
526
Q

SOIREE

A

Jan-Mar 1999
Southern Ocean
Fe added repeatedly over few weeks

527
Q

SOIREE results

A 
dissolve Fe decreased
photo. competency increased
PB increased
PP increased
N decreased from surface
large drawdown of atmospheric CO2
DMS increased
528
Q

DMS produced by

A 
haptophytes (Phaeocystis)
large gelatinous colonies or unicellular
extensive blooms in temperate ocean
dominate polar phyto assemblage
10% of total global DMS flux
529
Q

SERIES

A 
July-Aug 2002 
Subarctic NE Pacific
nutrients decreased, chl increased
diatoms dominant 
pseudo-nitzschia abundance at peak of bloom
530
Q

common finding in mesoscale Fe experiments

A

all result in phytoplankton blooms

wide range of bloom signature

531
Q

steep curve in active transport kinetics

A

lower Ks (really good at uptake) – have high affinity for that nutrient, will dominate

532
Q

why shouldn’t zooplankton be removed from fe experiment

A

not a natural system

does help to isolate the area of interest though

533
Q

why is dissolved Fe added to ocean

A

so that it is bioavailable

discourage sinking

534
Q

Where would you expect to see Phaeocystis

A

higher Fe, low Si

limiting environment for diatoms

535
Q

where does C go in Fe experiments

A

may sink out

may flux back to atmosphere

536
Q

why does C flux back to atmosphere

A

increased productivity = increased grazing = increased respiration

537
Q

LOHAFEX

A

Feb, Mar 2009
Indo-German, SW Alt
300km^2 inside eddy
followed 39 days

538
Q

LOHAFEX results

A 
Chl a biomass 2X in 2wks
heavy grazing pressure
some C sank out 
some CO2 flux to atmos
Phaeocystis bloom
539
Q

Ice ages

A

last ice age 30X higher dust

higher bio productivity

540
Q

risks of Fe fertilization

A

toxic blooms (Pseudo-nitzschia)
increased heterotrophy may cause higher CO2 flux to atmos.
increased DMS

541
Q

commercial interests in Fe fertilization

A

increased fish production

542
Q

delayed mode observing system

A

data retrieved when instrument recovered
long term use
require batteries
may become unknowingly disrupted

543
Q

autonomous marine observatory

A

moored buoys that provide power to seafloor instruments and satellite communication link to land, communicate in real-time
battery powered

544
Q

cabled marine observatory

A

linked to land by summarize cables providing a limitless source of power and communications/internet connectivity
continuous data, high resolution/frequency, expensive, not battery

545
Q

observatory instrumentation

A 
continuous presence
high sampling frequency
co-located sensors (multiple types of sampling)
interactivity (tell what to do)
event detection (set thresholds)
546
Q

observatory limitations

A

not all variables measurable - reproductive state, physiological condition, metabolism, live sampling

547
Q

not being able to do live sampling limits

A

community dynamics
population genetics
species colonization

548
Q

ESP

A 
environmental sample processor 
discrete water samples
concentrate microorganisms
molecular probes
ID microorganisms and genes
549
Q

Other observatory identification tool

A

plankton counting and imaging using back-lit LED cameras

SCIPPS

550
Q

ZAP

A

monitors presence/abundance of zoop. and fish by measuring acoustic backscatter

551
Q

whale fall research

A

zombie worm, Osedax sp., digest whale by acid secretion; successional stages

552
Q

Our cabled observatories

A

VENUS - Salish sea, 10yrs old

NEPTUNE - 800km long, Port Alberni loop, across JDF plate, spreading ridge, Endeavour vents

553
Q

community observatories

A

open source
smaller scale, easier to maintain
shallow water
10 in Canada

554
Q

Instruments in an observatory

A 
Node (power)
hydrophone array
camera platform
seafloor camera
instrument platform
555
Q

being measured by NEPTUNE

A 
earthquake, tsunami
ocean currents, waves
PP
C flux
Ocean acidification
ZOOP Biomass
migration
Mammal migration
benthic ecology dynamics
556
Q

NEPTUNE core instrumentation

A 
CTDs
ZAP
ADCP
Oxygen sensor
Nitrate sensor
CO2 sensor
Fluorometer
sediment traps
hydrophones
video cameras
seismomemeters
pressure reader
vertical profiler
557
Q

Saanich inlet

A 
24km fjord
max depth 200m
75-80m sill
inverse estuary
deep, wide sill 
weak turbulence 
anoxic most of year
558
Q

Saanich Buoy profiling system

A

moored 3km S of VENUS
7m surface platform
profiling instrument package
3 pt fixed mooring

559
Q

BPS instrumentation

A 
Meterological station (Air T, barometer, relative humidity, wind)
MacArtney Winch (raise/lower CTD)
CTD, O2 sensor, c hl, fluorescence, optical turbidity
560
Q

BPS profiling mode

A

4 profiling cycles a day

parked at 200m

561
Q

most common way to determine amount of phytoplankton

A

measure amount of Chl

562
Q

most common technique for measuring Chl

A

extract from filtered sample using acetone, measure fluorescence in fluorometer

563
Q

fluorescence is

A

process where photosynthetic pigments absorb list at one wavelength and emit light at another; intensity is proportional to amount

564
Q

phaeopigments

A

breakdown products of chlorophyll produced during digestion by zooplankton
correct for by reading again after acidifying with HCl

2016/2017 (15 decks)

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