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2016/2017 > BIOL 321 LAB > Flashcards

BIOL 321 LAB Flashcards

1
Q

a diagram of a hierarchical system of nested sister groups of taxa

A

cladogram

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2
Q

meaning of ‘dissection’

A

exposing to view

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3
Q

what are dissecting microscopes used for

A

viewing are, relatively opaque objects

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4
Q

dissecting microscope lens system is designed to

A

maximize working distance between object lenses and the subject

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5
Q

illumination in a dissecting microscope

A

above
side
below

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6
Q

side illumination

A

reflected light

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7
Q

illumination from below

A

transmitted light

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8
Q

compound microscope is used for

A

observing fine details in small specimens that have been rendered transparent

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9
Q

compound microscope illumination

A

generally transmitted light

built-in illuminator concentrates light beams through condenser

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10
Q

compound microscope objecties

A

scanning (4x)
low power (10x)
high power (40x)
oil immersion lens (100x)

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11
Q

most frequent objective used for studying invertebrates

A

low power 10x

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12
Q

primary magnification power

A

objective lens

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13
Q

Parfocal

A

objects remain in focus when a different objective is rotated into position

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14
Q

what does the ocular lens do

A

convert the magnified real image from objective lens into a magnified virtual image

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15
Q

objects remain in the centre of the field when a different objective is rotated into position

A

parcentral

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16
Q

how to obtain maximum resolution

A

Koehler illumination

center and focus illumination system

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17
Q

10x objective field diameter

A

1.6mm

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18
Q

40x objective field diameter

A

0.4mm

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19
Q

calculate magnification of a drawing

A

size of drawing / size of object

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20
Q

calculating scale bar

A

(drawing length)/(specimen length) = (scale bar length)/x

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21
Q

Phylum Porifera Classes

A

Class Calcarea
Class Hexactinellida
Class Demospongiae

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22
Q

Sponges lack

A

mouth
digestive cavity
nerves
muscles

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23
Q

how sponges eat

A

most capture bacteria/phyto. and digest in intracellular food vacuoles

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24
Q

‘carnivorous’ sponges

A

Cladorhizidae

eat small zooplankton - break into small pieces, phagocytize, digest with intracellular vacuoles

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25
Q

sponge symmetry

A

some radially symmetric, most asymmetrical

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26
Q

sponge body plan

A

two photo-epithelial layers sandwiching a layer of connective tissue

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27
Q

outer surface of sponge body

A

pinacoderm

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28
Q

internal surfaces (canals and chambers) of sponge body

A

choanoderm

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29
Q

connective tissue layer of sponge body

A

mesohyl

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30
Q

cells in outer layer of sponge body

A

pinacocytes

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31
Q

inside of the mesohyl

A

collagen fibres, ameboid cells, skeletal elements

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32
Q

cells in inner layer of sponge body

A

choanocytes

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33
Q

sponge skeletal elements

A

biomineralized spicules and/or organic cord mesh

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34
Q

organic mesh skeletal element of some sponges

A

spongin

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35
Q

choanocyte function

A

use flagella to propel water through sponge body

capture and digest food particles suspended in water

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36
Q

grades of complexity in sponges

A

Asconoid
Syconoid
Leuconoid

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37
Q

Asconoid

A

minute
vase-shaped
choanocytes line a central spongocoel

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38
Q

central spongocoel

A

atrium

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39
Q

Syconoid

A

larger
vase-shaped
choanocyte-lined chambers each open directly into central spongocoel

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40
Q

Leuconoid

A

massive form

spongocoel replaced with extensive system of choanocyte-lined chambers interconnected by canals

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41
Q

advantage to sponges increasing surface area

A

increased efficiency in filter water and capturing food

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42
Q

Class Calcarea features

A

exclusively marine
CaCO3 spicules
all 3 architecture types
individuals can cluster, but live independently
buds occasionally appear at base of mature specimens

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43
Q

asconoid Calcarea observed in lab

A

Leucosolenia

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44
Q

syconoid Calcarea observed in lab

A

Grantia

Scypha

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45
Q

Class Demospongiae

A

All freshwater sponges
Most marine sponges
Leuconoid
most local intertidal sponges have encrusting growth

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46
Q

Demosponge skeleton

A

anastomosing ropes of proteinaceous spongin and/or siliceous spicules
NO CaCO3

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47
Q

Class Hexactinellida

A

glass sponges

pinacoderm and choanoderm are syncytial

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48
Q

Hexactinellida skeleton

A

chitin

6-pointed silica dioxide spicules

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49
Q

syncytium

A

a multinucleate animal tissue without internal cell boundaries

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50
Q

Hexactinellid observed in lab

A

Aphrocallistes

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51
Q

Gemmules

A

a dormant structure entered in to mostly by freshwater sponges, during times of unfavourable conditions

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52
Q

significance of gemmules

A

more resistant to desiccation/freezing/anoxia

protect sponge

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53
Q

secondary metabolites

A

organic molecules not part of biochemical pathways involved in metabolism of nutrient molecules

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54
Q

Poriferans manufacture secondary metabolites to

A

deter predators
deter competitors for living space
inhibit pathogens

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55
Q

Halichondria secondary metabolites

A

unpleasant odour when rubbed

local species

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56
Q

why sponges are rarely overgrown by other sessile organisms

A

defensive chemicals (secondary metabolites)

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57
Q

importance of sponge spicules

A

support- body would collapse without

taxonomy - shape and mineral composition distinguish species

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58
Q

easy way to tell if sponge is Calcarea

A

acid test (dissolves CaCO3)

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59
Q

spicule shapes, axes

A

suffix -axon
# of axes
monoaxons
triaxons

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60
Q

spicule shapes, number of points

A

suffix -actine
# of points
triactine
hexactine

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61
Q

demosponge spicules

A

most are monoaxons

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62
Q

Grantia spicules

A

triaxon and triactine

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63
Q

glass sponge spicules

A

triaxon and hexactine

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64
Q

Carnivorous sponges tend to inhabit

A

the deep sea

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65
Q

shallow-water Cladorhizidae in Salish Sea

A

Asbestopluma occidentalis
18m
co-occur w/ hexactinellid sponges

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66
Q

Asbestopluma occidentalis reproduction

A

adult disassociates tissues facilitating larval release and dispersal
larvae have actively beating cilia (no swimming observed)
parent reaggregates into spherical balls of undifferentiated tissue that can disperse and settle

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67
Q

Asbestopluma occidentalis feeding

A

observed capturing Artemia nauplii using anisochelae spicules

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68
Q

nauplii

A

first larval stage of many crustaceans, having an unsegmented body and a single eye

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69
Q

Subphylum’s in Phylum Cnidaria

A

Medusozoa

Anthozoa

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70
Q

Class’s in Subphylum Medusozoa

A

Staurozoa s.g. to
Hydrozoa s.g. to
Scyphozoa s.g. w
Cubozoa

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71
Q

Class’s with free-floating Medusae

A

Hydrozoa
Scyphozoa
Cubozoa

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72
Q

Example of Class Hydrozoa from lab

A

Obelia

Siphonophores

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73
Q

Example of Class Scyphozoa from lab

A

Aurelia

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74
Q

Class’s in Subphylum Anthozoa

A

Octocorallia

Hexacorallia

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75
Q

Class Octocorallia includes the

A

soft corals

sea pens

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76
Q

Example of Class Hexacorallia from lab

A

Anthopluera

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77
Q

Class Hexacorallia includes the

A

sea anemones

stony corals

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78
Q

Cnidarian size

A

1mm - 2m in diameter

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79
Q

Cnidaria germ layers

A

epidermis covers body surface
gastrodermis lines body cavity (GVC)
Mesoglea between

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80
Q

Mesoglea

A

collagen fibres
extracellular matrix
ameboid cells (in most clades)

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81
Q

What do Cnidarians have that Poriferans do not

A

true gut
nerve cells
cnidocysts (unique to them)

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82
Q

Cnidarian GVC

A

digests ingested food

circulate nutrients and gases throughout body

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83
Q

Cnidarian symmetry

A

most radial

sea anemones, corals = biradial

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84
Q

biradial symmetry

A

similar parts are located to either side of a central axis and each of the four sides of the body is identical to the opposite side but different from the adjacent side

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85
Q

Alternation of generations

A

in most Medusazoans
asexual polyp stage
sexual medusa stage
polyp, medusa both diploid, only egg is haploid

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86
Q

Polymorphism

A

colonial individuals develop differently morphologically
preform different specialized jobs (feeding, reproduction, defense)
genetically identical - express diff. parts of the genome

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87
Q

Cnidarian lifestyle

A

All carnivorous

prey capture facilitated by cnidocytes (in high density on tentacles)

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88
Q

Nematocyst function

A

prey capture
defense
aid in digestion

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89
Q

Hydra

A

freshwater
class Hydrozoa
no medusa stage
2 germ layers, cnidocytes only in epidermis

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90
Q

Hydra morphology

A 
mouth at apex of hypostome 
ring of tentacles at base of hypostome 
body column, gastric region, stalk
basal disk (adhesive)
budding zone
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91
Q

hypostome

A

the oral tip surrounded by tentacles in hydrozoan cnidarians (cone-shaped)

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92
Q

Hydra budding zone

A

junction of gastric region and stalk

where new polyps arise as asexual buds

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93
Q

Hydra reproduction

A

bud forms on stalk as simple evagination - distal end of bud forms mouth + tentacles - bud drops off

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94
Q

acontia

A

thread-like pieces of the body found near the pedal disc, attached to septal filaments inside the body, at times flow in/out of GVC

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95
Q

Medusazoans that stray from typical alternation of generations homology

A

Staurozoans - free-living medusa completely absent

Hydrozoa - some members exhibit secondary loss of medusa stage (e.g. Hydra)

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96
Q

Morphological character in common with all Medusazoans

A

linear mitochondrial chromosome

other Cnidarians, most eukaryotes have circular

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97
Q

Scyphozoa

A 
scyphomedusa larger, more conspicuous life stage 
some freshwater
cnidocytes in epidermis + gastrodermis
gametes originate from gastrodermis
ameboid cells in mesoglea 
frilly oral arms 
thick mesoglea
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98
Q

cnidarian medusa swimming

A

rhythmic contraction of epitheliomuscle cells (circular muscle sheet on underside of bell)

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99
Q

manubrium

A

a tubular structure that contains the mouth

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100
Q

Scyphozoa digestion

A

prey captured with cnidocytes on tentacles/oral arms, transferred to mouth at end of manubrium, ingested, conveyed to stomach, distributed to 4 gastric pouches, partially digested enzymatically - digestion completed intracellularly w/i gastrodermal cells – then circulated via ciliated gastrovascular canals

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101
Q

Scyphozoa gastric pouces

A

contain short gastric filaments (tentacles) that secrete digestive enzymes

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102
Q

Scyphozoa gastrovascular canals

A

adradial (unbranched)
interradial, perradial (branched)
GV canals connect gastric pouces to ring canal (around periphery of bell)

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103
Q

common moon jellyfish

A 
Aurelia 
floats close to surface
local
short tentacles and manubrium 
feeds on small plankton 0.2-2mm
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104
Q

Aurelia feeding

A

slow contraction of bell – draws prey toward medusa – recovery stroke – sucks prey into subumbrellar cavity – captured, subdued by nematocysts in oral arms
feed on smaller organisms than other scyphomedusae b/c of short oral arms

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105
Q

sensory cells around bell of Scyphomedusae

A

rhopalia
8 small ‘knobs’
statocyst, pigment spot, cluster of photoreceptor cells, chemoreceptor cell

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106
Q

Statocyst

A

gravity receptor

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107
Q

Initiates swimming in Scyphomedusae

A

rhopalia - neurons in cell bodies - send neurites to swim muscle - initiate swimming pulsation

108
Q

subumbrellar

A

located beneath the umbrella

109
Q

gonochoristic

A

dioecious

male and female reproductive organs in separate individuals

110
Q

Scyphozoan gametes

A

gonochoristic
gametes arise from gastrodermal epithelial cells in gastric pouches
mature gametes exit through mouth
eggs lodged if pits of oral arms, fertilized, develop into planulae

111
Q

Scyphozoa planulae

A

ciliated
non-feeding
brief free-swimming stage
settle to bottom, attach to substrate, develop into scyphistoma

112
Q

Scyphistoma

A

polyp scyphozoa form
feeds
reproduces asexually (budding, strobilation)

113
Q

Strobilation

A

sequential transverse fissions of oral end of strobila

strobila is reproducing form of scyphistoma

114
Q

Immature medusae released from strobila

A

ephyrae

115
Q

Aurelia life cycle

A

medusa – egg – fertilization – planula – scyphistoma – possibly budding – strobila – ephyra – development – medusa

116
Q

Class Hydrozoa characteristics

A

polyps usually form colonies
mesoglea lacks cells, cnidocytes
gametes arise from epidermis
no oral arms

117
Q

Hydrozoan medusa

A 
Hydromedusae
smaller, deeper bell 
many have velum 
no rhopalia 
concentration sensory cells at base of tentacles (photoreceptor and statocyst)
118
Q

velum

A

rim of muscular tissue projecting inward at peripheral margin of bell
controls size of subumbrellar aperture

119
Q

why do medusa have more sophisticated sensory structures than polyps

A

because they are motile, they have to constantly monitor their surroundings for danger

120
Q

hydrozoan polyp colony

A

hydroid
buds remain attached
may exhibit polymorphism

121
Q

feeding hydroid polyps

A

gastrozooids

122
Q

reproductive hydroid polyps

A

gonozooids

123
Q

defensive hydroid polyps

A

dactylozooids

124
Q

living tissue of hydroid

A

coenosarc (polyp + stem tissue)

125
Q

protective hydroid covering

A

perisarc

chitinous sheath surrounding coenosarc

126
Q

hydroid connected to substrate by

A

stolons - network of horizontal tubes

127
Q

Hydroid in lab

A

Obelia

128
Q

gonozooid structure

A

stalk w/ saucer-like medusa buds

enclosed in transparent, chitinized, vase-shaped theca w/ opening at top

129
Q

Obelia life cycle

A

dioecious adult medusa - spawn gametes - fertilization - zygote - planula larva - settles - metamorphosis - budding – form hydroid colony – gonozooid produces medusa w/ 8 statocysts – grow/develop tentacles and gonads

130
Q

Class Staurazoa characteristics

A 
no alternation of generations
elaborate polyp stage 
stalk on exumbrellar surface 
tentacles organized in to clusters around bell margin
basal plate secretes adhesive
anchors
131
Q

Staurazoa anchors

A

small knobs around bell
may form temporary substrate attachment
facilitate looping movement

132
Q

Subphylum Anthozoa characteristics

A

all marine
no medusa
gullet
mesoglea contains amoeboid cells (like Scyphozoa)
GVC subdivided by nematocyst-bearing septa (folds of gastrodermis)
mostly dioecious

133
Q

gullet

A

actinopharynx
Anthozoan body turns in at mouth to form gullet
muscular
runs down from mouth to GVC

134
Q

Anthozoa coelenteron

A

GVC

135
Q

siphonoglyph

A

ciliated groove at one or both ends of mouth
extends into pharynx
used to create currents of water into the pharynx

136
Q

Anthozoa acontia

A

threads at end of mesenteries below the filaments, other end free, extraordinarily numerous nematocysts, can be protruded through the mouth or special pores in body-wall for defense or paralyses of prey

137
Q

Anthozoan Classes

A

Class Octocorallia

Class Hexacorallia

138
Q

Octocorallia

A 
aka Alcyonaria
8 complete septa 
8 tentacles 
all colonial 
polyps connected by mesoglea + gastrodermal tube
pinnate tentacles
139
Q

Hexacorallia

A

aka Zoantharia
septa in multiples of 6
non-pinnate tentacles
solitary or colonial

140
Q

solitary Hexacorallia

A

sea anemones

141
Q

colonial Hexacorallia

A

hermatypic corals

142
Q

pinnate

A

side branches

143
Q

Anthozoa reproduction

A

swimming planula – settles on substrate – metamorphosis – young polyp – grows to become sexually mature
colonial corals - original polyp buds in to the entire colony
anemones can also reproduce asexually

144
Q

Have cnidocytes in gastrodermis

A

Scyphozoa - Yes
Anthozoa - Yes
Hydrozoa - No
(secrete digestive enzymes to aid digestion)

145
Q

where is calcareous biomineral deposited in Anthozoans

A

Hexacorallia - external CaCO3 skeleton under polyps

Octocorallia - internal CaCO3 spicules w/i mesoglea

146
Q

hydromedusa Aglantha digitale

A

uniquely evolved giant axons, used to swim in 2 distinct ways (escape, slow)

147
Q

how Aglantha digital can swim in two distinct ways

A

axons can conduct Ca and Na spikes (at separate times)

148
Q

Phylum Platyhelminthes taxonomy

A

Class Turbellaria s.g. to
Class Cestoda s.g. to
Class Trematoda

149
Q

Lab examples of Class Turbellaria

A

Dugesia

150
Q

Lab example of Class Cestoda

A

Taenia

151
Q

Lab example of Class Trematoda

A

Opisthorchis sinensis

152
Q

Platyhelminthes characteristics

A 
bilaterally symmetric
dorsoventrally flattened
acoelomate
GVC (digestion + circulation)
no anus 
mm's - m's
free-living/parasitic
153
Q

Platyhelminthes reproduction

A

hermaphroditic
complex reproductive system
gametes arise from mesoderm
gametes fill space between epidermal epithelium and gastrodermal epithelium

154
Q

Platyhelminth mesothelium gives rise to

A

gametes
muscle cells
parenchymal cells

155
Q

Platyhelminthe excretion

A

protonephridium

156
Q

Platyhelminthe locomotion

A

muscles

ventral cilia

157
Q

Class Turbellaria

A

mostly free-living
rhabdite
regenerate lost body parts

158
Q

Class Turbellaria name meaning

A

whirlpool

swirling motion of particle near ciliated epidermis

159
Q

rhabdite (Turbellaria)

A

rod-like epithelium secretions
unique to Turbellaria
swells on contact w/ water, forms thick mucus
adhesion, locomotion, defensive

160
Q

neoblasts

A

Turbellaria
undifferentiated pluripotent cells in parenchyma
responsible for regeneration

161
Q

pluripotent

A

cells having the capability to differentiate into a large number of different cell types
‘stem cells’

162
Q

Turbellaria reproduction

A

asexually -budding, transverse fission

sexually

163
Q

Turbellaria sexual reproduction process

A

non-self fertilizing hermaphrodites
penis - genital pore - sperm deposited in to copulatory bursa - sperm moves up oviducts to ovaries - fertilizes egg - egg passes down oviduct - invested w/ yolk cells - discharged from yolk gland - encapsulated - passed out genital pore - fastened to objects (e.g. rocks)

164
Q

Turbellarian post-reproduction

A

after breeding reproductive system degenerate and is regenerated at next sexual period

165
Q

Important Turbellarian body parts

A 
Intestinal caeca
eye spots
auricles
pharynx
pharyngeal cavity
166
Q

Turbellarian guts

A

Syndesmis - commensal Turbellarian in echinoderm gut- simple unbranched gut cavity
Dugesia - 3 principle branches (caeca) with short side-branches
Leptoplana (marine polyclad) - many branches

167
Q

Turbellarian feedings

A

largely carnivorous
mid-ventral mouth at end of protrusible pharynx
pharyngeal enzymes initiate digestion
intestinal enzymes continue digestion

168
Q

Turbellarian excretion

A

ammonia diffused across body surface

protonephridia assist excretion and osmoregulation

169
Q

Turbellaria locomotion

A

much-ciliary gliding
muscular crawling
swimming

170
Q

Class Trematoda

A

entirely parasitic

2-3 hosts

171
Q

Opisthorchis sinensis

A

Oriental/Chinese liver fluke
bile ducts of humans (definitive host)
intermediate hosts - snails, fish
prevalent in Southeast Asia

172
Q

Trematode major body parts

A

mouth surrounded by oral sucker
ventral sucker
excretory pore (nephridiopore)
muscular pharynx, short esophagus, 2 intestinal caeca

173
Q

Trematode reproductive organs

A 
2 multi lobed testes
seminal receptacle (sperm storage)
single ovoid ovary (ova production)
vitelline glands (yolk)
coiled uterus (filled with encapsulated, fertilized eggs)
174
Q

Trematode life cycle characteristics

A

complex
1+ intermediate host
several larval forms that undergo asexual division

175
Q

asexual reproduction by embryonic larval stages

A

polyembryony

176
Q

Trematoda life cycle

A

adult in bile ducts - eggs in feces - eaten by freshwater snail - ciliated miracidium - hatches, burrows through intestinal wall - sporocyst - polyembryony - redial - polyembryony - cercariae - rupture body wall - free-swimming - burrow in to fish (carp) within 24-48hrs - encyst - metacercariae - human eat raw fish

177
Q

Class Cestoda

A

tapeworms
endoparasites
specialized for life w/i host intestine
scolex, neck, proglottids (strobila)

178
Q

Cestode specializations

A

no cilia
tegument
no mouth
no digestive cavity

179
Q

tegument

A

syncytial epidermis specialized for direct absorption of nutrients

180
Q

scolex

A

Cestoda head region

anchor for adhering to intestine

181
Q

Cestoda neck

A

generates proglottids

182
Q

Cestoda strobila

A

series of proglottids

body segments that contain full m+f reproductive organs

183
Q

tapeworm life cycle

A

most have 2 hosts
adult in carnivore - gravid proglottid released in feces - encysted cysticercus in herbivore - larvae burrows in to blood vessel - carried to muscle - herbivore eaten by carnivore - scolex everts – attaches to gut

184
Q

Trematoda vs Cestoda attachment structures

A

Trematoda - 2 suckers (oral, ventral)

Cestoda - hooks (end of scolex) + 4 suckers

185
Q

Trematoda vs Cestoda offspring numbers

A

Cestoda - eggs –> 2 stages of polyembryony

Trematoda - multiple sexual proglottids w/ many larvae each, no polyembryony

186
Q

Turbellarian vs Cestoda epidermis

A

Turbellarian - ciliated, glands, rhabdite

Cestoda - no cilia, syncytial (absorptive) - seems more ‘basic’ but is actually specialized

187
Q

Should production of proglottids by cestodes be considered a form of asexual reproduction

A

not in species that do not self-fertilize
1 proglottid can fertilize with another proglottid on the same worm (or with a different worm) but not within that proglottid
some species can self-fertilize w/i the same proglottid

188
Q

Phylum Rotifera

A

microscopic, aquatic, mostly freshwater
head, neck, trunk, foot
corona
mastax, trophi

189
Q

corona

A

Rotifera crown of cilia

swimming, feeding

190
Q

mastax

A

Rotifera pharynx

has trophi jaws to grind up food

191
Q

Rotifer epidermis

A

contains thick layer cytoskeletal filaments (not moulted)

makes outer surface rigid

192
Q

Rotifer trunk

A

stomach
gonad (usually an ovary)
protonephridia
(anus at trunk/foot junction)

193
Q

Rotifer toes

A

at end of foot

contain cement gland ducts (attachment)

194
Q

unique reproduction in Rotifers

A

pathogenesis

part of their amictic/mictic life cycle

195
Q

possible value of parthenogenesis

A 
don't have to find a mate
boosts population (only produce more f's)
genetic stability
196
Q

how do rotifers survive ephemeral/freezing water bodies

A

In mictic stage of life cycle they reproduce asexually and the fertilized eggs secretes a protective coating and enters diapause

197
Q

Phylum Annelida phylogeny

A

Errantia - Neriedidae

Sedentaria - Clitellata, Terebellidae, Echiuridae, Sabellidae, Siboglinidae

198
Q

Errantia and Sedentaria taxa

A

were abandoned in 1970s

now appear to be monophyletic, true clades

199
Q

Phylum Annelida characteristics

A

extremely diverse
eucoelomate
most have metameric body
mouth and anus, unidirectional gut

200
Q

Annelid habitat

A

diverse

most marine

201
Q

Annelid past phylogeny

A

thought to be closely related to arthropods (metamerism, nervous system)
3 Subclasses - Polychaeta, Oligochaeta, Hirudinea

202
Q

molecular data

A

nucleotide sequences of slowly evolving nuclear and mitochondrial genes
amino acid sequences of proteins

203
Q

major revisions of Annelid phylogeny

A
  1. metamerism found to be convergent
  2. Echiuran, Sipuncula, Pogonophora found to belong within Phylum Annelida
  3. Polychaeta = paraphyletic
204
Q

results of major revision 1. in Annelid phylogeny (metamerism convergent)

A

-Arthropods moved to Ecdysozoa w/ other moulters -Annelids + Mollusks placed in Lophotrochozoa

205
Q

results of major revision 2. in Annelid phylogeny (Echiuran, Sipunculan, Pogonophora belong in Annelida)

A

not all Annelids display metamerism as adults

206
Q

Echiuran metamerism

A

metameric ganglia along ventral nerve cord during early development

207
Q

Sipuncula metamerism

A

none

208
Q

Echiuran, Sipunculan reduced/lossed metamerism

A

secondary loss

209
Q

Annelid chaetae

A

not present in Hirudineans, Sipunculans

secondary loss

210
Q

an ancestral metamere contains

A 
pair of ganglia 
paired peripheral nerve tracts along ventral nerve cord
paired metanephridia 
blocks of circular/longitudinal muscle
segmental blood vessels 
left/right eucoelomic compartments
211
Q

anterior part of Annelid head

A

prostomium

not a true metamere

212
Q

posterior end of Annelid

A

pygidium

not a true metamere

213
Q

eucoelom

A

internal, fluid-filled compartment lined by mesoderm derived epithelium (mesothelium)

214
Q

Annelid eucoelom

A

facilitates locomotion (like hs skeleton)
circulates body fluids
reproduction
excretion, osmoregulation

215
Q

innovation of eucoelomic secondary body compartments allows

A

efficiency of functions – evolution of active movement by large animals

216
Q

Annelid movement

A

crawling
burrowing
tube-dwelling
swimming

217
Q

Errantids

A 
mobile - crawling/swimming 
well-developed parapodia, aciculae
head appendages- sensory reception
cephalic eyes
nuchal organs
eversible pharynx w/ jaws
218
Q

Sedentarids

A

sedentary - buried in substrate, inhabit tubes
reduced/lacking parapodia, no acicula
appendages for food capture not sensory
some eversible pharynx, no jaws

219
Q

Sedentarids tubes

A

sand grains
calcium carbonate
proteinaceous secretions

220
Q

acicula

A

chitinous rod

support parapodia

221
Q

active life style requires

A

capacity for sensing diverse environmental stimuli

222
Q

nuchal organs

A

non-visible chemosensory structures

223
Q

Annelid parapodia structure

A

upper lobe = notopodium
lower lobe = neuropodium
chitinous rods = acicula
chaetae at end of acicula

224
Q

Nereis locomotion

A

Errantid - active, well-developed parapodia
parapodia on either side of metamere out of phase
propagate effective stroke down length of worm
curve body for faster movement

225
Q

Lumbricus movement

A

earthworm, Sedentarid - lack parapodia

peristaltic movements

226
Q

why are the longitudinal muscles of Nereis much more massive than the circular muscles

A

longitudinal muscles for body undulations
movement is along the longitudinal axis, requiring longitudinal muscles
no peristaltic movement

227
Q

what are longitudinal and circular muscles of earthworm developed approximately equal

A

peristaltic
muscles are used antagonistically for movement - balance each other out
both are used equally for movement

228
Q

what is the role of chaetae in Nereis

A

traction in crawling

surface area/paddles for swimming

229
Q

what is the role of chaetae in Lumbricus

A

erect chaetae hold position in burrow (anchor)

230
Q

what is the role of a fluid filled compartment in Nereis and Lumbricus

A

N - structural - supports body during movement

L - movement - transmits force for peristaltic movement, hydrostatic skeleton

231
Q

between metameres in Lumbricus

A

intersegmental septa

232
Q

animals that lack efficient food processing and digestion

A

can be large but incapable of energetic locomotory movements - ambush prey, escape from predators, move from inhospitable environment

233
Q

Active movement by a large animal requires

A

high metabolic rate from:
efficient food digestion
efficient nutrient/gas circulation to tissues

234
Q

one-way gut

A

facilitates digestive efficiency

-food sequentially processed by differently specialized gut regions

235
Q

Lumbricus circulation of gases and nutrients

A

ciliated eucoelom

dorsal, ventral, segmental blood vessels

236
Q

calciferous glands

A

associated w/ earthworm esophagus
secrete CaCO3
pH adjustment of food? excretion?

237
Q

typhlosole

A

internal fold of the earthworm intestine; increased SA for efficient digestion

238
Q

chloragogen tissue

A

earthworm
glycogen & fat synthesis & storage
hemoglobin synthesis
protein catabolism & urea synthesis

239
Q

Family Nereididae

A

Errantid Annelid
paired parapodia
eversible pharynx w/ jaws
sensory structures on head (prostomium + peristomium)

240
Q

Nereididae sensory structures

A 
eyes
tentacles
palms
cirri
allow monitoring of environment while foraging, avoid threats
241
Q

Sedentarid Annelids

A

reduced parapodia
if eversible pharynx present - no jaws
appendages - feeding
suspension feeders (small particles/phytopl.) or deposit feeders (surface film)

242
Q

Sedentarid habitat

A

sand/mud burrows

tubes - sand grains, CaCO3, proteinaceous

243
Q

selective deposit feeders

A

grains picked-up, inspected, selectively ingested

244
Q

non-selective deposite feeders

A

bulk ingest mouthfuls of sediment indiscriminately

245
Q

Family Terebellidae

A 
spaghetti worm
tubes of sand grains
very reduced parapodia 
2 types of tentacles 
selective deposit feeders
246
Q

Terebellidae tentacles

A

1.long spaghetti-like tentacles for feeding
ciliated groove down length for carrying particles via cilia+mucus
2.branchial tentacles, shorter, coiled/dendritically branched, red (hemoglobin)

247
Q

Why do Terebellids have hemoglobin

A

tubes often constructed under rocks embedded in sediment - O2 partial pressure can be very low
Hemoglobin helps pull O2 into body

248
Q

Family Sabellidae

A

feather duster worms
tubes
radioles
suspension feeders

249
Q

Sabellid tube

A

proteinaceous secretions

attached to solid substrate (often under docks)

250
Q

Sabellid radioles

A

crown of ciliated tentacles, each w/ 2 rows of short side-branches
capture suspended phytoplankton
particle moves: down side branches - to ciliated groove on central axis - - mouth

251
Q

Family Siboglinidae

A

benthic, tube-dwelling, marine
opisthosoma
trophosome
anterior branchial filaments (red, hemoglobin)

252
Q

Siboglinid opisthosome

A

posterior section
only part of worm that is metameric and has chaetae
anchor worm to tube

253
Q

Siboglinid trophosome

A

endodermal cells form non-structured mass rather than digestive tract
cells filled w/ chemosynthetic bacteria that provide organic carbon

254
Q

chemosynthetic bacteria

A

oxidize H2S to generate E for carbon fixation

255
Q

Siboglinid branchial filaments

A

contain hemoglobin

binding sites for oxygen and sulfide

256
Q

Oligochaete sister group

A

Hiurdinea

Annelida, Sedentaria, Clitellata, Hirudinea

257
Q

Hirudinea, Oligochaeta synapomorphies

A

hermaphroditic reproductive system (other annelids are dioecious)
clitellum (significance in reproduction)

258
Q

Leeches

A

ectoparasites or predators
some have thickened cuticle around mouth forming 3 blades
some have eversible pharynx w secretions
2 suckers (oral, posterior)

259
Q

Hirudinea gut

A

specialized to accommodate large meal (food is mostly water)
well-developed metanephridia (1 pr/metamere)
lateral diverticula = caeca (folded gut wall)

260
Q

Hirudinea locomotion

A

looping
alternating contraction of circular/longitudinal muscles
body pushes/pulls against suckers
swim- sinusoidal waves of long. muscle contraction

261
Q

Why are Hirudineans dorsoventrally flattened

A

flattening reduces flexual stiffness - aids in looping

262
Q

function of parapodia in tubiculous annelids

A

hide from predation
move up for feeding
hold on to tube (anchor)
move around to flush-out tube

263
Q

why do oligochaetes have pharyngeal dilator muscles

A

to suck-up large amounts of particles as they are non-selective; terebellids are selective and use tentacles to choose particles

264
Q

trends in Siboglinid evolution

A

levels of sulfide tolerance

type of substrate

265
Q

basal groups of Siboglinids

A

Lamellibrachia
inhabit soft substrate
slightly elevated sulfide levels

266
Q

derived groups of Siboglinids

A

hard substrate
high sulphide levels
elevated temperatures

2016/2017 (15 decks)

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