Biochemistry & Macromolecules Flashcards
Inorganic Molecules
no carbon bound to hydrogen:
1.Vitamins & Minerals
2.Water
Organic Molecules
contain carbon and hydrogen bound
1.Carbohydrates
2.Proteins
3.Nucleic Acids
4.Lipids (Fats)
Carbohydrates
Sugars, Made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Monosaccharides
Simple sugar molecules:
- Glucose (Sugars)
- Fructose (fruit)
- Galactose (Milk)
GFG
Disaccharides
Two monosaccharides;
- Lactose (Glucose and galactose) (Ex, Milk and dairy)
- Sucrose (Glucose and fructose.)(Ex, sugar cane or sugar beets.)
- Maltose (Two glucose) (Ex, barley, wheat, and corn.)
MLS
Polysaccharides
many sugar units
- Starch
- Glycogen
- Cellulose
CGS
Examples of Disaccharides
Sucrose = glucose + fructose
Maltose = glucose + glucose
Lactose = glucose + galactose
Starch
Plant storage (eg. potatoes)
Glycogen
Animal storages (excess glucose gets converted into glycogen)
Cellulose
Plant structure (eg. celery)
Glycolysis
Breaking down glucose for energy
Glycogenesis
Glycogenesis (forming glycogen for energy storage)
Lipids (fats)
- insoluble in water
- made of a glycerol backbone and a fatty acids
- energy reservoirs (excess glycogen in animals is converted into fat)
4 categories of Lipids
Triglycerides
Phospholipids
Waxes
Sterols
Triglycerides
3 fatty acid
Solid (fat) or semi-solid (oil) at room temperature
Phospholipids
2 fatty acids and a phosphate
“Tails” are made of fatty acids (hydrophobic - fear water)
“Heads” are made of phosphate (hydrophilic - love water)
Waxes
Insoulable, waterproofing and protection in plants and animals.
Sterols / Steroids
Cholesterol
hormones; chemical messengers
Male sex hormones are called androgens
Female sex hormones are called estrogens
Proteins
Proteins are polymers of amino acids
Functions of Protein
Structural components of cells & organisms (eg. hair)
Hormones (eg. insulin)
Enzymes that catalyze reactions
Primary structure
linear sequence of amino acids and can be thought of like a string of beads.
Secondary structure
initial coils and folds
𝛼-helices (coils)
ꞵ-pleated sheets (folds)
Tertiary Structure
irregular folding that occurs as a result of the interactions between the R-groups
Quaternary Structure
clustering of two or more polypeptides into one macromolecule.
Carbohydrates Testing
simple sugars, test with Benedict’s reagent and heat.
Colour change will be present if a reducing sugar is present.
Starch testing
- test for complex sugars, we test with iodine = dark purple colour
Proteins Testing
Biuret test which will react with peptide bonds. The more bonds, the darker the purple colour.
Lipids Testing
Brown paper bag to do a translucent test = absorb lipids.
Sudan IV test, which involves a fat soluble dye that will react with hydrocarbon chains
found in lipids.
