Biochemistry & Macromolecules

Question 1

Inorganic Molecules

Answer 1

no carbon bound to hydrogen:
1.Vitamins & Minerals
2.Water

Question 2

Organic Molecules

Answer 2

contain carbon and hydrogen bound
1.Carbohydrates
2.Proteins
3.Nucleic Acids
4.Lipids (Fats)

Question 3

Carbohydrates

Answer 3

Sugars, Made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

Question 4

Monosaccharides

Answer 4

Simple sugar molecules:
- Glucose (Sugars)
- Fructose (fruit)
- Galactose (Milk)
GFG

Question 5

Disaccharides

Answer 5

Two monosaccharides;
- Lactose (Glucose and galactose) (Ex, Milk and dairy)
- Sucrose (Glucose and fructose.)(Ex, sugar cane or sugar beets.)
- Maltose (Two glucose) (Ex, barley, wheat, and corn.)
MLS

Question 6

Polysaccharides

Answer 6

many sugar units
- Starch
- Glycogen
- Cellulose
CGS

Question 7

Examples of Disaccharides

Answer 7

Sucrose = glucose + fructose
Maltose = glucose + glucose
Lactose = glucose + galactose

Question 8

Starch

Answer 8

Plant storage (eg. potatoes)

Question 9

Glycogen

Answer 9

Animal storages (excess glucose gets converted into glycogen)

Question 10

Cellulose

Answer 10

Plant structure (eg. celery)

Question 11

Glycolysis

Answer 11

Breaking down glucose for energy

Question 12

Glycogenesis

Answer 12

Glycogenesis (forming glycogen for energy storage)

Question 13

Lipids (fats)

Answer 13

• insoluble in water
• made of a glycerol backbone and a fatty acids
• energy reservoirs (excess glycogen in animals is converted into fat)

Question 14

4 categories of Lipids

Answer 14

Triglycerides
Phospholipids
Waxes
Sterols

Question 15

Triglycerides

Answer 15

3 fatty acid
Solid (fat) or semi-solid (oil) at room temperature

Question 16

Phospholipids

Answer 16

2 fatty acids and a phosphate
“Tails” are made of fatty acids (hydrophobic - fear water)
“Heads” are made of phosphate (hydrophilic - love water)

Question 17

Waxes

Answer 17

Insoulable, waterproofing and protection in plants and animals.

Question 18

Sterols / Steroids

Answer 18

Cholesterol
hormones; chemical messengers
Male sex hormones are called androgens
Female sex hormones are called estrogens

Question 19

Proteins

Answer 19

Proteins are polymers of amino acids

Question 20

Functions of Protein

Answer 20

Structural components of cells & organisms (eg. hair)
Hormones (eg. insulin)
Enzymes that catalyze reactions

Question 21

Primary structure

Answer 21

linear sequence of amino acids and can be thought of like a string of beads.

Question 22

Secondary structure

Answer 22

initial coils and folds
𝛼-helices (coils)
ꞵ-pleated sheets (folds)

Question 23

Tertiary Structure

Answer 23

irregular folding that occurs as a result of the interactions between the R-groups

Question 24

Quaternary Structure

Answer 24

clustering of two or more polypeptides into one macromolecule.

Question 25

Carbohydrates Testing

Answer 25

simple sugars, test with Benedict’s reagent and heat.
Colour change will be present if a reducing sugar is present.

Question 26

Starch testing

Answer 26

• test for complex sugars, we test with iodine = dark purple colour

Question 27

Proteins Testing

Answer 27

Biuret test which will react with peptide bonds. The more bonds, the darker the purple colour.

Question 28

Lipids Testing

Answer 28

Brown paper bag to do a translucent test = absorb lipids.
Sudan IV test, which involves a fat soluble dye that will react with hydrocarbon chains
found in lipids.