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Gastoenterology > Biochemistry > Flashcards

Biochemistry Flashcards

1
Q

Where does fatty acid synthesis and activation occur?

A

Cytoplasm

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2
Q

What is the only substrate that can be synthesised to fatty acyl-CoA?

A

Malonyl Co-A

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3
Q

Where does B-oxidation occur?

A

Mitochondrion

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4
Q

What is the only form that fatty acids can cross the mitochondrial membrane for metabolism as?

A

Fatty acyl-carnitine

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5
Q

What is the breakdown pathway of fatty acids called?

A

B-oxidation

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6
Q

What is the first step of fat catabolism?

A

Lipolysis

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7
Q

What is the main storage form of lipids?

A

Triglycerides

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8
Q

What are the products of each B-ocidation cycle?

A

1 fatty acyl-CoA (shortened by 2C), 1 acetyl Co-A, 1 FADH2, 1 NADH + H

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9
Q

What is the calculation for the number of oxidation cycles for a fatty acyl-CoA chain?

A

For Cn, (n/2-1)

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10
Q

What would be the product of the breakdown of a 14C fatty acid?

A

7 acetyl-CoA, 6NADH + H, 6 FADH2

as one less oxidation cycle than no of acetyl-CoA produced

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11
Q

Is gluconeogenesis the reverse of glycolysis?

A

No

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12
Q

Where are ketone bodies formed?

A

Liver mitochondria

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13
Q

Under what conditions are ketone bodies formed?

A

Fasting

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14
Q

What smell do ketone bodies cause?

A

Pear drop breath

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15
Q

How do ketone bodies travel around the body?

A

In the bloodstream

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16
Q

Where does fatty acid synthesis mainly occur?

A

The liver (cytoplasm)

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17
Q

What enzyme converts acetyl-CoA to malonyl CoA?

A

Acetyl CoA carboxylase

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18
Q

Does insulin increase or decrease the activity of acetyl CoA carboxylase?

A

Increase

Signals fed state so increases fatty acid synthesis

19
Q

Does glucagon increase or decrease the activity of acetyl CoA carboxylase?

A

Decrease

Signals fasting state so fatty acid degradation is required

20
Q

What is the purpose of urea?

A

To deal with excess nitrogen in either the urine or sweat

21
Q

Where does the urea cycle occur?

A

In the liver mitochondria

22
Q

Where does the nitrogen for the urea cycle come from?

A

1 from aspartic acid (amino acid)

1 from free ammonium

23
Q

What is the catalyst for the start of glycogen polymer and how many glucose molecules does it require?

A

Glycogenin protein

4

24
Q

How does glycogen synthase work?

A

Adds on single glucose molecules to an existing glycogen polymer

25
Q

Do fatty acids act directly as precursors to the TCA cycle?

A

No

26
Q

Can amino acids provide carbons to the TCA cycle?

A

Yes

27
Q

Where can muscle cell glycogen supply energy to?

A

Only the muscle cell

28
Q

What is glyconeogenesis?

A

A pathway for the synthesis of new glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors

29
Q

What is the type of protein contained within plasma?

A

Globulins

30
Q

What form of globulin is utilised in the immune system?

A

Gamma globulin (forms the backbone of immunoglobulins)

31
Q

Where are plasma proteins secreted from and what is their importance in maintaining BP?

A

Secreted from and produced in the liver

Maintain balance of fluid across the walls of vessels

32
Q

What is the most abundant plasma protein?

A

Albumin

33
Q

What is the importance of iron in the body and what is its transporter + storage protein?

A

Used to form haemoglobin
Transporter: transferrin
Storage: ferritin

34
Q

What disease is due to copper deficiency?

A

Wilsons disease

35
Q

What is used for fat transport between organs and tissues?

A

Lipoproteins

36
Q

What is contained within the core of lipoproteins?

A

Cholesterol esters

Triglycerides

37
Q

What is the only organ that can esterify and excrete cholesterol?

A

Liver

38
Q

What is the importance of cholesterol in the body?

A

Rigidity of cell membranes

Precursor to bile acids, steroid hormones and vit D

39
Q

How is cholesterol transported in the body?

A

Mostly esterified to insoluble long chain fatty acids

40
Q

Where is cholesterol synthesised?

A

Cytoplasm of liver cells (very energy heavy process)

41
Q

What compound is unique to cholesterol synthesis?

A

Mevalonic acid

42
Q

What is the key rate limiting enzyme in cholesterol synthesis?

A

HMG-CoA reductase (generates mevalonic acid)

43
Q

Which hormones are produced from cholesterol?

A

Steroid hormones: corticosteroids + sex hormones (androgens + estrogen’s)

Gastoenterology (15 decks)

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