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MRCOG - PART 1 > Biochemistry > Flashcards

Biochemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What is the main intracellular Cation?

A

Potassium

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2
Q

Which organelle is responsible for protein folding and is studded with ribosomes?

A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

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3
Q

Which organelles is responsible for holding mRNA
for translation into protein?

A

Ribosomes

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4
Q

What is the 2nd common enzymatic deficiency after 21-OH CAH (21 hydroxylase)?

A

11-Beta Hydroxylase

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5
Q

location of fatty acid synthesis within the cell

A

Cytosol

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6
Q

Which eicosanoids increase before mensteruation?

A

Prostaglandin F2-alpha

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7
Q

which enzyme in the renal tubular cells is responsible for synthesis of ammonia?

A

glutaminase

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8
Q

from what parent compound are most eicosanoids derived

A

Arachidonic acid

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9
Q

NO is synthesised from which aminoacid

A

L-arginine

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10
Q

Progesteron receptor is of which types of receptors

A

Nuclear transcription receptor

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11
Q

No of carbon in estrogen is

A

18

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12
Q

Most enzymes that takes part in krebs cycle is located in

A

Mitochondria

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13
Q

What chemical process utilizes pyruvate to form ATP

A

Kreb’s Cycle

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14
Q

the overall product of glycolysis

A

2 molecules of Pyruvate
4 ATP
2 NADH

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15
Q

which enzyme is involved in rate-limiting step of glycolysis pathway

A

phosphpfructokinase

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16
Q

Enumerate ketone bodies

A
  • Acetone (can’t be metabolised)
    -Acetoacetate
    -Beta hydroxybutyrate
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17
Q

From what Nitric Oxide biosynthesized

A

L-arginine

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18
Q

Catalyst enzyme in Nitric Oxide biosynthesis

A

Nitric Oxide Synthase NOS

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19
Q

Effects of Nitric Oxide

A
  1. Vasodilation
  2. Modulation of hair cycle
  3. Penile Erection
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20
Q

Types of Nitric Oxide

A
  1. Endotherlial (eNOS)
  2. Inflammatory (iNOS)
  3. Brain
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21
Q

Action of Endothelial NO (eNOS)

A

-act on vascular smooth muscle
-expressed by synctiotrophoblast

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22
Q

Secretion of Inflammatory NO (iNOS)

A

by bacterial cell wall and neutrophils following activation by tumor necrosis factor TNF or Interferon-Y

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23
Q

cAMP derived from what and by which enzyme

A

ATP by adenylate cyclase

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24
Q

cAMP actions mediated by

A

Protein Kinase A

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25
Q

Action of cAMP on different cells

A

in liver: stimulate glycogen breakdown

in adipocytes: stimulate the production of fatty acids

in ovarian cells they induce the formation of estradiol and progesterone.

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26
Q

The synthesis of cGMP is catalysed by

A

guanylate cyclase

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27
Q

Lactate is converted to glucose via

A

Cori’s cycle.

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28
Q

The brain has an absolute requirement for glucose:

A

• During normal food intake: 100g/day.
• During starvation: 25g/day

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29
Q

ATP production during aerobic metabolism

A
  1. Glycolysis (2 ATP)
  2. Krebs Cycle (2 ATP)
  3. Electron Transport Chain (34 ATP)
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30
Q

The liberation of fatty acids from the TAG molecule is catalysed by the enzyme

A

hormone sensitive lipase (HSL).

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31
Q

Types of Ketone bodies

A

Acetone, acetoacetate & β-hydroxybutyrate

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32
Q

Initial helical folding of Aminoacids held together by

A

Hydrogen bonding

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33
Q

Amino acid chain folds back on itself to form 3D structure held by

A

disulphide bond

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34
Q

hich enzyme in the renal tubular cells are responsible for
production of ammonia?

A

Glutaminase

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35
Q

Essential AminoAcids

A

PVT. TIM HALL

Phenylalanine
Valine
Threonine
Tryptophan
Isoleucin
Methionine
Histidine
Leucine
Lysine

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36
Q

What is the structure of fetal haemoglobin?

A

Two alpha chains and two gamma chains (α2γ2)

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37
Q

What is the function of the enzyme glucose 6 phosphatase in
carbohydrate metabolism?

A

Converts glucose 6 phosphate to glucose

38
Q

In times of starvation which ketone body can be utilized by the heart for energy?

A

Beta-hydroxybutyric acid

39
Q

Where in the body are ketone bodies produced during times of
starvation?

A

Liver

40
Q

Main organelle for oxidizing fatty acid?

A

Mitochondria

41
Q

what describes the function of low-density lipoproteins?

A

Transport of cholesterol from the liver to tissues around the body

42
Q

Which process occurs in the mitochondria where uses electrons
transport to generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

43
Q

In which part of the cell does glycolysis take place?

A

Cytosol

44
Q

Which intracellular organelle is concerned with processes, packages and transports proteins out of the cell?

A

Golgi apparatus

45
Q

Tryptophan is precursor of

A

Seritonin

46
Q

Arginine is precursor of

A

Nitric Oxide

47
Q

Tyrosine is precursor of

A

L-Dopa –> dopamine and noradrenaline

48
Q

Number of carbons in Oestrogen?

A

18

49
Q

What type of hormone is prostaglandin

A

Paracrine

50
Q

Which essential fatty acids not found in OMEGA 3 and should be taken from dietary intake ?

A

alpha-Linoleic acid

51
Q

What is the site where Urea cycle occurs ?

A

Liver

52
Q

What is the site of production of Ammonia?

A

Kidney

53
Q

Cristae are present in ?

A

Mitochondria

(different from cisternae that is found in rER and Golgi apparatus)

54
Q

What cellular organelle is especially abundant in cells that synthesize antibodies?

A

rER

55
Q

Glucagon works by which of the following mechanisms to reverse the hypoglycemia?

A

Gluconeogenesis

56
Q

In anaerobic metabolism of glucose, if persistent with loss of oxygen, condition goes in the process of?

A

Cori’s Cycle

“During anaerobic conditions(loss of O2)the body find ways to produce energy. Glucose is converted to Lactate in the muscle then converted back to glucose in the liver.”

57
Q

What is the overall product of the glycolysis pathway?

A

Pyruvate

58
Q

What is the site of production of Thromboxane A2 ?

A

Platelets

59
Q

What is DKA

A

Complication arises for individuals with diabetes, in whom impaired control of Hormone Sensitive Lipase means that the plasma concentration and rates of oxidation of fatty acids persist at high levels even in the fed state.
The loss of control of HSL leads to the uncontrolled production of ketone bodies.

60
Q

What is phenylketonuria?

A

The disorder is characterised by the absence or greatly diminished activity of the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase, with the result that the common acid, phenylalanine cannot be metabolised.

61
Q

phenylketonuria is readily detected by means of

A

the Guthrie test, which is carried out 6–14 days after birth.

62
Q

Excessive dose of Oxytocin in obstetrics causes

A

Water Retention
Iatrogenic Hyponatremia

63
Q

Central Diabetis insipid characterized by

A

Decreased ADH causing
- Polyuria
- Polydipsia

64
Q

What is nephrogenic DI

A

Resistant Kidney to ADH, Observed in:
1. CRF (commonly)
2. X-linked disease result from AVP-V2 receptor failure (rarely)
3. Autosomal recessive disease d.t. mutation of aquaporin-2 (more rare)

65
Q

Secretory cells of GH form Anterior pituitary

A

Somatotrophs (40-50% of ant. pituitary)

66
Q

Secretory cells of Prolactin form Anterior pituitary

A

Lactotrophs 10-15% (Increasing in pregnancy – may reach 50% by term)

67
Q

Secretory cells of ACTH form Anterior pituitary

A

Corticotrophs (15-20%)

68
Q

Secretory cells of FSH & LH from Anterior pituitary

A

Gonadotrophs (10-15%)

69
Q

FSH & LH receptors

A

G protein- linked proteins.

70
Q

Prolactin is made up of how many Amino acids

A

199 AA

71
Q

Action of hypothalamus on Prolactin

A

Inhibitory action

Thus, damage to the hypothalamic control causes increased PRL levels

72
Q

The main neuro-hormone inhibiting PRL secretion

A

Dopamine

also somatostatin has inhibitory action

73
Q

PRL has effects on the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis

A

it can inhibit pulsatile secretion of GnRH from the hypothalamus.

Excess prolactin may cause infertility due to the inhibitory actions of prolactin on GnRH secretion.

74
Q

the most common hormone-secreting pituitary tumours

A

prolactinoma

75
Q

What is Sheehan syndrome

A

Severe haemorrhage, shock or hypotension during or before parturition may lead to postpartum pituitary necrosis or Sheehan syndrome. This results in partial or complete hypopituitarism

76
Q

What is the chemical structure of GnRH ?

A

Decapeptide

77
Q

Which hormone promotes cartilage mitosis in epiphyseal plate of long bones?

A

Growth Hormone

78
Q

What is the most abundant carbohydrate in the breast milk?

A

Lactose

79
Q

Prognathism and macroglossia are features of

A

Acromegaly

80
Q

What is the most common cause of acromegaly?

A

Pituitary adenoma

81
Q

Which hormones are required for alveolar morphogenesis during
pregnancy ?

A

Progesterone, Prolactin and hPL

82
Q

Which hormone is responsible for contraction of myo-epithelial cells in lactation?

A

Oxytocin

83
Q

Sheehan syndrome affects?

A

Ant. pituitary

84
Q

The rate of growth hormone secretion follows a circadian rhythm. When is the highest peak of growth hormone release?

A

Early sleep
(If deep sleep is an option then it’s right)

85
Q

Vasopressin act on increasing water re-absorption at ?

A

Collecting ducts

86
Q

Where is prolactin produced that is not under dopaminergic control?

A

maternal decidua

87
Q

Which hormone causes rupture of Graffian follicle ?

A

LH

88
Q

Which signaling molecule that stimulate the renin-angiotensin system to regulate the sodium concentration?

A

Norepinephren

89
Q

Vitamin causing pellagra

A

Niacin

90
Q

Major buffer in urine

A

Phosphate

MRCOG - PART 1 (15 decks)

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