Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

2nd year hell > BioChem mix > Flashcards

BioChem mix Flashcards

1
Q

study of the molecular basis of life;
study of biomolecules

A

biochemistry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

founded modern biochemistry

A

Freidrich Wohler 1828

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

different structures and properties of the different biomolecules

A

Molecular Anatomy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

organic compounds containing carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

A

carbohydrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

linear projection (carbohydrate)

A

Fischer Projection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

ring form (carbohydrate)

A

Haworth Projection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

biomolecules that contain an amino acid group and a carboxylate group as well as a side chain

A

proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

these are generally water-insoluble organic compounds that form the biological membrane

A

lipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

polymers composed of monomers called nucleotides

A

nucleic acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

concerned about the functions of the different biological molecules

A

molecular physiology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

3 works within cells

A
  1. mechanical work
  2. osmotic/electrical work
  3. synthetic work
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

work within cell

a change of location or posture of an organism, cell or cellular structure

A

mechanical work

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

mechanical work

compounds or ions that are often moved against a concentration gradient

A

osmotic/electrical work

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

work within cell

a change in chemical bonds required to generate complex molecules from simple precursors

A

synthetic work

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

organized sequence of chemical reactions that are needed to extract

A

metabolic pathway

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

2 types of metabolic pathway

A
  1. linear metabolic pathway
  2. cyclic metabolic pathway
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

series of reactions generate a final product

A

linear metabolic pathway

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

series of reactions regenerates the first reactant

A

cyclic metabolic pathway

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

breakdown of large food into smaller particles

A

digestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

conversion of big food into smaller observable particles

A

mechanical digestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

conversion of big food particles into smaller absorbable forms

A

chemical digestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

diffusion or movement of nutrients and other ingested materials

A

absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

absorption is facilitated by

A

microvilli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

selective uptake of specific nutrients by an organ in the body

A

assimilation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

process by which the absorbed nutrients are used by the different cells for a specific purpose or function

A

utilization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

absorbed nutrients are included or incorporated into the structural framework of the body

A

integration into tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

all harmful and potentially toxic materials introduced into the body are inactivated or detoxified by the liver into smth non/less toxic

A

biotransformation and metabolic degradation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

2 forms of biotransformation and metabolic degradation

A
  1. metabolic degradation
  2. biosynthesis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

breakdown of complex substances into simpler ones

A

metabolic degradation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

combination of simpler substances to make a complex one

A

biosynthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

metabolic wastes expelled or removed from the body

A

excretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

organs of secretion

A
  1. lungs
  2. kidneys
  3. skin
  4. GIT
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

chemical reaction where the body turns food nutrients into energy

A

metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

2 types of metabolism

A
  1. anabolism
  2. catabolism
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

constructive phase of metabolism

A

anabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

destructive phase of metabolism

A

catabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

simplest structural unit of life

A

cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

primitive types with no distinct nucleus and cytoplasm organelles

A

prokaryotic cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

definite nuclear and cytoplasmic structures; has organelles; multicellular

A

eukaryotic cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

master control of the cell; directs, orders, and regulates all metabolic activities

A

nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

intracellular fluid surrounding the organelles; site of many chemical reactions

A

cytosol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

homogenous mixture of two or more components

A

solution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

a barrier that allows only specific substances to pass through the cell membrane

A

selective permeability

44
Q

movement in the cell membrane that does not require energy

A

passive transport

45
Q

movement in the cell membrane that requires energy or specific carrier proteins

A

active transport

46
Q

process by which molecules and ions tend to scatter throughout space

A

diffusion

47
Q

process where small molecules move passively through the plasma membrane

A

simple diffusion

48
Q

protein carrier is needed as a transport vehicle

A

facilitated diffusion

49
Q

diffusion of water

A

osmosis

50
Q

ability of a solution to change shape and size of cells by altering the amount of water they contain

A

tonicity

51
Q

solutions that have the same solute and water concentration as the cells; no change

A

isotonic solution

52
Q

solutions that contain more solutes than inside the cells; causing crenation; shrink

A

hypertonic solution

53
Q

solutions that contain fewer solutes than the cell does; cytolysis; burst

A

hypotonic solution

54
Q

process by which water and solutes are forced through a membrane by fluid, or hydrostatic pressure

A

filtration

55
Q

gradient involved in filtration

A

pressure gradient

56
Q

2 types of active transport

A
  1. solute pumping
    *Sodium-Potassium pump (PISO)
  2. bulk transport
57
Q

Biomolecules Processes

A
  1. Digestion
  2. Absorption
  3. Utilization
  4. Excretion
  5. Assimilation
  6. Integration into Tissues
  7. Biotransformation and Metabolic Degradation
58
Q

Responsible for the storage and passage of the information needed for the production of proteins; Macromolecules

A

nucleic acids

59
Q

nucleic acids were first discovered in

A

nuclei of cells

60
Q

yields nitrogen base, sugar and phosphoric acid

A

hydrolysis

61
Q

conjugated proteins

A

nucleoproteins

62
Q

isolated the virus that causes tobacco mosaic disease

A

W.M. Stanley (1935)

63
Q

discovered that the virus that causes tobacco mosaic disease is a ribonucleoprotein

A

Bawden and Pirie (1986)

64
Q

these can reproduce inside living cells but are incapable of doing so independently

A

virus

65
Q

the protein helps in penetration of the bacterial cell

A

bacteriophage

66
Q

they are classified by containing either DNA or RNA

A

animal viruses

67
Q

nitrogenous base + sugar

A

nucleoside

68
Q

nitrogenous base + sugar + phosphate group ; basic structural unit of nucleic acids

A

nucleotide

69
Q

nitrogenous base of dna

A
  1. adenine
  2. guanine
  3. cytosine
  4. thymine
70
Q

genetic material

A

dna

71
Q

nitrogenous base of rna

A
  1. adenine
  2. guanine
  3. cytosine
  4. uracyl
72
Q

carrier of genetic information; ribosomes

A

rna

73
Q

the sum total of all hereditary material contained in a cell

A

genome

74
Q

link that joins nucleotides together

A

internucleotide linkage

75
Q

two nucleotide strands winding
about each other like a spiral staircase

A

double helical structure

76
Q

unwinds the helix, and single-strand binding proteins prevent the helix from re-forming

A

helicase

77
Q

The amount of adenine is always equal to the amount of
thymine
The amount of guanine is always equal to the amount of
cytosine

A

Chargaff’s Rules

78
Q

biochemical process by which dna molecules produce exact dupes of themselves

A

dna replication

79
Q

joins okazaki fragments together

A

ligase

80
Q

catalyzes the formation of a new phosphodiester linkage between the nucleotide and the growing strand

A

polymerase

81
Q

Structural units that provide the most stable arrangement for the long DNA molecule

A

chromosomes

82
Q

5 major types of rna

A
  1. heterogenous nuclear rna
  2. messenger rna
  3. small nuclear rna
  4. ribosomal rna
  5. transfer rna
83
Q

rna formed directly by dna transcription

A

heterogenous nuclear rna

84
Q

rna that facilitates the conversion of heterogenous nuclear rna to messenger rna

A

small nuclear rna

85
Q

carries the genetic information from the dna in the nucleus to the ribosomes for protein synthesis

A

messenger rna

86
Q

interprets the genetic code

A

transfer rna

87
Q

Makes up of 60% of the structural material of ribosomes; no informational function

A

ribosomal rna

88
Q

site of protein synthesis

A

ribosomes

89
Q

dna — rna

A

transcription

90
Q

rna — protein

A

translation

91
Q

aka “one gene-one protein hypothesis”

A

central dogma

92
Q

biosynthesis of proteins

A
  1. initiation
  2. elongation
  3. termination
93
Q

start of protein synthesis

A

AUG/GUG (initiation)

94
Q

formation of peptide chain which assembles one amino acid at a time

A

elongation

95
Q

termination

A

UGA / UAA / UAG

96
Q

Genetic information from DNA in encoded in the mRNA as a sequence of nucleotides

A

genetic code

97
Q

characteristics of codon

A
  1. universal
  2. degenerate
  3. continuous
98
Q

All plants, animals and bacterial cell have the same codon to specify each amino acid

A

universal

99
Q

More than one triplet can code for a
particular amino acid

A

degenerate

100
Q

Non-overlapping; Adjacent codons do not
overlap

A

continuous

101
Q

a change in the DNA base sequence that
alters the structure and function of the protein in the cell

A

dna mutation

102
Q

kinds of mutation

A
  1. beneficial
  2. harmful
  3. silent
103
Q

types of mutation

A
  1. substitution
  2. frame shift mutation
104
Q

factors that causes mutation

A
  1. viruses
  2. x-rays
  3. UV light
  4. chemicals
105
Q

agents that causes mutation

A

mutagen

106
Q

4 means of manipulating genes

A
  1. genetic engineering
  2. genetic manipulation
  3. gene splicing
  4. recombinant dna technology

2nd year hell (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions