BioChem mix Flashcards
1
Q
study of the molecular basis of life;
study of biomolecules
A
biochemistry
2
Q
founded modern biochemistry
A
Freidrich Wohler 1828
3
Q
different structures and properties of the different biomolecules
A
Molecular Anatomy
4
Q
organic compounds containing carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
A
carbohydrates
5
Q
linear projection (carbohydrate)
A
Fischer Projection
6
Q
ring form (carbohydrate)
A
Haworth Projection
7
Q
biomolecules that contain an amino acid group and a carboxylate group as well as a side chain
A
proteins
8
Q
these are generally water-insoluble organic compounds that form the biological membrane
A
lipids
9
Q
polymers composed of monomers called nucleotides
A
nucleic acids
10
Q
concerned about the functions of the different biological molecules
A
molecular physiology
11
Q
3 works within cells
A
- mechanical work
- osmotic/electrical work
- synthetic work
12
Q
work within cell
a change of location or posture of an organism, cell or cellular structure
A
mechanical work
13
Q
mechanical work
compounds or ions that are often moved against a concentration gradient
A
osmotic/electrical work
14
Q
work within cell
a change in chemical bonds required to generate complex molecules from simple precursors
A
synthetic work
15
Q
organized sequence of chemical reactions that are needed to extract
A
metabolic pathway
16
Q
2 types of metabolic pathway
A
- linear metabolic pathway
- cyclic metabolic pathway
17
Q
series of reactions generate a final product
A
linear metabolic pathway
18
Q
series of reactions regenerates the first reactant
A
cyclic metabolic pathway
19
Q
breakdown of large food into smaller particles
A
digestion
20
Q
conversion of big food into smaller observable particles
A
mechanical digestion
21
Q
conversion of big food particles into smaller absorbable forms
A
chemical digestion
22
Q
diffusion or movement of nutrients and other ingested materials
A
absorption
23
Q
absorption is facilitated by
A
microvilli
24
Q
selective uptake of specific nutrients by an organ in the body
A
assimilation
25
process by which the absorbed nutrients are used by the different cells for a specific purpose or function
utilization
26
absorbed nutrients are included or incorporated into the structural framework of the body
integration into tissues
27
all harmful and potentially toxic materials introduced into the body are inactivated or detoxified by the liver into smth non/less toxic
biotransformation and metabolic degradation
28
2 forms of biotransformation and metabolic degradation
1. metabolic degradation
2. biosynthesis
29
breakdown of complex substances into simpler ones
metabolic degradation
30
combination of simpler substances to make a complex one
biosynthesis
31
metabolic wastes expelled or removed from the body
excretion
32
organs of secretion
1. lungs
2. kidneys
3. skin
4. GIT
33
chemical reaction where the body turns food nutrients into energy
metabolism
34
2 types of metabolism
1. anabolism
2. catabolism
35
constructive phase of metabolism
anabolism
36
destructive phase of metabolism
catabolism
37
simplest structural unit of life
cell
38
primitive types with no distinct nucleus and cytoplasm organelles
prokaryotic cell
39
definite nuclear and cytoplasmic structures; has organelles; multicellular
eukaryotic cell
40
master control of the cell; directs, orders, and regulates all metabolic activities
nucleus
41
intracellular fluid surrounding the organelles; site of many chemical reactions
cytosol
42
homogenous mixture of two or more components
solution
43
a barrier that allows only specific substances to pass through the cell membrane
selective permeability
44
movement in the cell membrane that does not require energy
passive transport
45
movement in the cell membrane that requires energy or specific carrier proteins
active transport
46
process by which molecules and ions tend to scatter throughout space
diffusion
47
process where small molecules move passively through the plasma membrane
simple diffusion
48
protein carrier is needed as a transport vehicle
facilitated diffusion
49
diffusion of water
osmosis
50
ability of a solution to change shape and size of cells by altering the amount of water they contain
tonicity
51
solutions that have the same solute and water concentration as the cells; no change
isotonic solution
52
solutions that contain more solutes than inside the cells; causing crenation; shrink
hypertonic solution
53
solutions that contain fewer solutes than the cell does; cytolysis; burst
hypotonic solution
54
process by which water and solutes are forced through a membrane by fluid, or hydrostatic pressure
filtration
55
gradient involved in filtration
pressure gradient
56
2 types of active transport
1. solute pumping
*Sodium-Potassium pump (PISO)
2. bulk transport
57
Biomolecules Processes
1. Digestion
2. Absorption
3. Utilization
4. Excretion
5. Assimilation
6. Integration into Tissues
7. Biotransformation and Metabolic Degradation
58
Responsible for the storage and passage of the information needed for the production of proteins; Macromolecules
nucleic acids
59
nucleic acids were first discovered in
nuclei of cells
60
yields nitrogen base, sugar and phosphoric acid
hydrolysis
61
conjugated proteins
nucleoproteins
62
isolated the virus that causes tobacco mosaic disease
W.M. Stanley (1935)
63
discovered that the virus that causes tobacco mosaic disease is a ribonucleoprotein
Bawden and Pirie (1986)
64
these can reproduce inside living cells but are incapable of doing so independently
virus
65
the protein helps in penetration of the bacterial cell
bacteriophage
66
they are classified by containing either DNA or RNA
animal viruses
67
nitrogenous base + sugar
nucleoside
68
nitrogenous base + sugar + phosphate group ; basic structural unit of nucleic acids
nucleotide
69
nitrogenous base of dna
1. adenine
2. guanine
3. cytosine
4. thymine
70
genetic material
dna
71
nitrogenous base of rna
1. adenine
2. guanine
3. cytosine
4. uracyl
72
carrier of genetic information; ribosomes
rna
73
the sum total of all hereditary material contained in a cell
genome
74
link that joins nucleotides together
internucleotide linkage
75
two nucleotide strands winding
about each other like a spiral staircase
double helical structure
76
unwinds the helix, and single-strand binding proteins prevent the helix from re-forming
helicase
77
The amount of adenine is always equal to the amount of
thymine
The amount of guanine is always equal to the amount of
cytosine
Chargaff's Rules
78
biochemical process by which dna molecules produce exact dupes of themselves
dna replication
79
joins okazaki fragments together
ligase
80
catalyzes the formation of a new phosphodiester linkage between the nucleotide and the growing strand
polymerase
81
Structural units that provide the most stable arrangement for the long DNA molecule
chromosomes
82
5 major types of rna
1. heterogenous nuclear rna
2. messenger rna
3. small nuclear rna
4. ribosomal rna
5. transfer rna
83
rna formed directly by dna transcription
heterogenous nuclear rna
84
rna that facilitates the conversion of heterogenous nuclear rna to messenger rna
small nuclear rna
85
carries the genetic information from the dna in the nucleus to the ribosomes for protein synthesis
messenger rna
86
interprets the genetic code
transfer rna
87
Makes up of 60% of the structural material of ribosomes; no informational function
ribosomal rna
88
site of protein synthesis
ribosomes
89
dna --- rna
transcription
90
rna --- protein
translation
91
aka "one gene-one protein hypothesis"
central dogma
92
biosynthesis of proteins
1. initiation
2. elongation
3. termination
93
start of protein synthesis
AUG/GUG (initiation)
94
formation of peptide chain which assembles one amino acid at a time
elongation
95
termination
UGA / UAA / UAG
96
Genetic information from DNA in encoded in the mRNA as a sequence of nucleotides
genetic code
97
characteristics of codon
1. universal
2. degenerate
3. continuous
98
All plants, animals and bacterial cell have the same codon to specify each amino acid
universal
99
More than one triplet can code for a
particular amino acid
degenerate
100
Non-overlapping; Adjacent codons do not
overlap
continuous
101
a change in the DNA base sequence that
alters the structure and function of the protein in the cell
dna mutation
102
kinds of mutation
1. beneficial
2. harmful
3. silent
103
types of mutation
1. substitution
2. frame shift mutation
104
factors that causes mutation
1. viruses
2. x-rays
3. UV light
4. chemicals
105
agents that causes mutation
mutagen
106
4 means of manipulating genes
1. genetic engineering
2. genetic manipulation
3. gene splicing
4. recombinant dna technology
