Biochem Lec 5B - Integration of metabolism - Vitamins Flashcards
energy releasing B complex vitamins
B1, B2, B3, B5, B7
b complex hematopoietic vitamins
B9, B12
what is the only fat soluable vitamin with a coneznyme function
vitamin K
B1 name
Thiamine
B2 name
Riboflavin
B3 name
Niacin
B5 name
Pantothenic Acid
B6 name
Pyridoxoine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine
B7 name
biotin
B9 name
Folic Acid
B12 name
Cobalamin
what is a good source of B1
whole grain
what does B1 help w
part of coenzyme thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP)
energy metabolism - conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA, TCA cycle
nerve activity and muscle activity
what complex requires TPP and thus B1
E1 of the PDH (pyruvate dehydrogenease complex) complex [helps for Acetyl-CoA for TCA cycle]
What are the B1 deficiencies
Beriberi - found where polished rice is the major component of diet - affects nervous system or cardiovascular system; muscle wasting and edema
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome - seen in association with chronic alcoholism - apathy, loss of memory, ataxia, rhythmic to and fro motion of the eyeballs (nystagmus)
B2 function
serves as coenzyme in energy metabolism
(flavin mononucleotide) FMN
(flavin adenine dinucleotide) FAD
B2 deficiencies
Cheiolsis (fissuring at the corners of the mouth)
Glossitis (tongue appearing smooth and purplish)
no major disease
dermatitis
B3 function
coenzyme forms are NAD and NADP
central in energy transfer reactions
protects against neurological degeneration
B3 deficiencies
Pellagra - disease of the skin, GI tract and CNS
symptoms - dermatitis, diarrhea and dementia (3Ds), and if untreated, death
forms of B6
pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine
precursors of the coeznyme pyridoxal phosphate
used in amino acid metabolism
catecholamine examples
dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine
(active amines)
where are dopamine and norepinephrine synthesized and what is its function
in the brain and functions as neurotransmitters
where are epinephrine and norepinephrine synthesized
in the adrenal medulla
synthesis of catecholamines enzyme
PLP (pyridoxal phosphate)
(dopa to dopamine)
what is the only water soluble vitamin with significant toxicity and what is the consequence
B6, neurological damage
B6 deficiency
scaly dermatits, anemia, depression, confusion, convulsions
B7 function
part of a coenzyme used in carboxylation reactions (such as fatty acid synthesis)
used in energy metabolism
B7 deficiency
are rare
B9 function
used in DNA synthesis and therefore important in new cell formation
B9 primary coenzme form
primary coenzyme form is tetrahydrofolate (THF)
what is the most common vitamin deficiency in the US particularly among pregnant women and alcoholics and what are its consequences
B9 deficiency
anemia
neural tube defects: spina bifida and anencephaly
function of B12
used in new cell synthesis
-helps maintain nerve cells
-reforms folate coenzyme
-helps to break down some fatty acids and amino acids
B12 deficiency
pernicious anemia
B12 usually binds to what in the intestine before absorption
intrinsic factor (IF)
vitamin C function
-aids in collagen synthesis (strengthens blood vessel walls, aids wound healing, provides matrix for bone growth)
-antioxidant
-strengthens resistance to infection
-helps in iron absorption
vitamin c deficiency
scurvy - sore and spongy gums, loose teeth, fragile blood vessels, swollen joints, anemia
vitamin A function
vision
reproduction, maintenance of epithelia tissues, bone and tooth growth
type of vitamin A molecules
retinoids and carotenoids (beta carotene)
vitamin A deficiencies
night blindness
xerophthalmia - dry eyes, lack of tear production
keratomalacia - softening of the cornea
Vitamin D function
mineralization of bone
vitamin D deficiencies
Rickets in children (inadequate calcification resulting in misshapen bones (bowing of leg)
Osteomalacia in adults (poor bone mineralization, soft, flexible, brittle and deformed bones)
Osteoporosis in adults (loss of calcium, results in fractures)
vitamin E function
antioxidant
vitamin E deficiencies
red blood cell breakage
nerve damage
vitamin K function
(phylloquinone, menaquinone)
synthesis of blood clotting proteins
synthesis of bone proteins
vitamin K deficiency
hemorrhaging
major and trace mineral mg
> 100mg/day
<100 mg/day
function of sodium
assist in nerve impulse transmission and muscle contraction
maintains normal fluid and electrolyte balnce
sodium deficiency
muscle cramps, mental apathy and loss of appetite
calcium function
mineralization of bones and teeth
muscle contraction and relaxation
calcium deficiency
stunted growth in children
bone loss (osteoporosis) in adults
phosphorus functions
mineralization of bones and teeth
important in genetic material
phosphorus deficiency
muscular weakness, bone pain
fluoride reduces dental caries by what %
50-70%
iron deficiency disease
anemia
what are essential for management of sugar metabolism
Zn, Cr, Mn
function of Iodine
component of thyroid hormone that helps regular growth, development, and metabolic rate
iodine deficiency
Goiter
