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Biomed > biochem 7B pt3 > Flashcards

biochem 7B pt3 Flashcards

1
Q

bones are constantly dissolved by what and remineralized by what in response to mechnical stress

A

dissolved by osteoclasts
remineralized by osteoblasts

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2
Q

stress induced bony microcracks attract circulate what that differentiate into what

A

WBCs (monocytes)
differentiate into osteoclasts possessing an acidic compartment in contact w bone

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3
Q

what is remodeling

A

when all the bone around a microcrack is removed, osteoclasts disappear and osteoblasts lay down new bone in resposne to the stresses

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4
Q

why can enamel not be remolded but cementum and dentin can

A

new ameloblasts cannot be generated in enamel bc ameloblasts are present only during tooth development

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5
Q

what is the most abundant mineral in the human body

A

calcium

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6
Q

what is saliva secreted by

A

the parotid, submandibular and sublingunal major grind, and also minor glands scattered throughout the oral epithelium

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7
Q

what is the submandibular and sublingual glands composed of

A

acinar cells
tubular cells
(epithelial-like cells)

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8
Q

what does acinar cells secrete

A

serous (watery) fluid

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9
Q

what does tubular cells secrete

A

mucous (viscous) fluid

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10
Q

parotid is composed of only what type of cells

A

acinar cells

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11
Q

what is saliva composed of

A

water
sodium chloride - electrolyte
sodium bicarbonte - stabilize tooth surface
mucin proteins (proteoglycans that mediates viscosity)
a-amylase - digest starch
proline rich proteins

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12
Q

salivary glands also secrete ammonida which does what

A

helps buffer acids and provides better protection from caries

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13
Q

xerostomia

A

when the oral cavity becomes dry

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14
Q

mucins function

A

lubricates oral mucosa and food particles and inhibit bacterial colonization

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15
Q

water (dilute secretinon) function

A

facilitates clearance and inhibits bacterial colonization

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16
Q

amaylase

A

digests starch in food particles, promoting bolus cohesion

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17
Q

sodium bicarbonate, carbonic anhydrase, and statherin

A

stabilize tooth surfaces

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18
Q

protein functions

A

form acquired enamel pellicle

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19
Q

peroxidases, histatins, lysoyzme, and lactoferrin

A

innate immunity that inihibits bacterial growth

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20
Q

salivary agglutinin and mucin

A

innate immunity that enhances bacterial clearance

21
Q

secretory immunoglobulin (sIgA)

A

aquired immunity that enhances bacterial clearance

22
Q

where does chronic periodontis first appear

A

at the gingival sulcus (the tooth-soft tissue interface)

23
Q

what are mouthwashes made out of

A

voltile aromatic compounds from plants (essential oil mixtures)
need 15-20% alcohol to maintain essential oil solubility - bene linked to increased risk of oral cancer in longtime daily human users

24
Q

less popular alcohol free mouthwas made of

A

antiseptic [chlorhexidine (peridex)]

25
Q

what are types of proinflammatory molecules

A

prostaglandins and thromboxanes

26
Q

what enzyme catalzyes the formation of prostaglandins and thromboxanes

A

COX enzyme

27
Q

what inhibitors might control chronic periodontitis

A

COX inhibitors

28
Q

inhibits of COX enzymes called what and prescribed for what and how do they work
(aspirin and ibuprofen)

A

NSAID, prescribed to relieve pain and fever
they stop prostaglandin and thromboxane production

29
Q

calcium hydroxide function

A

-calcified barrier formed, used as a pulp-capping agent or placed in the root canal in contact w healthy pulpal or periodontal tissue
-pH ~12.5
-hydroxyl group important as it provides an alkaline environment which encourages repair and active calcification
-calcium ions that form the barrier are derived entirely from the bloodstream and not from the calcium hydroxide

30
Q

how does tooth whitening work

A

-oxidation reaction that breaks staining compounds
-releases free oxygen that penetrates the tooth to reach deep stains
-either uses carbamide peroxide or hydrogen peroxide
-hydrogen peroxide is the active whitening ingredient
-can cause tooth sensitivity to temp change
-oxidizes the peripheral keratin layer of gingiva which produces a temporary dead white color and burning sensation

31
Q

what is hemostasis caused by

A

series of zymogen activations

32
Q

ferric subsulfate solution (monsel’s solution) [hemostatic agent]

A

the astringent quality on open wound results in agglutination of surface proteins

33
Q

aluminum chlordie (hemostatic agent)

A

-commonly in gingival retraction bc of its ability to cause contraction and shrinkage of tissue
-aluminum chloride results from its ability to precipitate protein, constrict blood cells, and extract fluid from tissues

34
Q

what are the best astringents in dentistry

A

zinc, iron, aluminum salts

35
Q

how do astrigents work

A

shrink or constrict body tissues

36
Q

hemophilia

A

genetic mutations of coagulation proteins cause life-long excessive bleeding

37
Q

how do excessive bleeding problems occur

A

diseases or drugs that affect the production of platelets or plasma proteins responsible for clotting

38
Q

what inhibits adequate triple helix formation and what does it result in

A

mutations of glycine rsidues in collagen gene

results in fragile bones (osteogenesis imperfect), sometimes accompanied by opalescent (blue/grey, yellow brown) or completely missing teeth (dentinogenesis imperfecta)

39
Q

why can humans not synthesize ascorbate/vitamin C

A

bc they lack L-gulconolactone oxidase

40
Q

ascote/vitamin C is essential for what aa hydroxylase (2)

A

proline and lysine
(hydroxoloation)

41
Q

cells posses large amounts of catalase, peroxidase and SOD enzymes that rapidly netraulize ROS within where

A

the cytosol

42
Q

the antioxidant property of ascorbate is extracellularly or intercellularly

A

extracellularly

43
Q

early symptom of ascorbate deficiency is what

A

loss of gingival and periodontal membrane fibers accompanied by loosening of teeth

44
Q

how does scurvy occur

A

bc of no ascorbate, there is a prevention of collagen re-synthesis in response to stress in tissues such as the gingiva, blood vessels, and bone

w/o ascorbate, fibers are removed but no replaced, fresh collagen cannot be secreted

as a result, collagen in bone turns over more slowly, but if scurvy becomes more advanced, cessation of this turnover causes deep, intense bone pain

45
Q

what is keratin made of

A

alpha-helical polypeptides

46
Q

where is keratin found

A

hair, wool, skin, horns, fingernails

47
Q

what parts are parakeratinized (not fully keratinized) like the skin (hard)

A

cells of the outer surface of the hard palate and gingival mucosa

48
Q

what are the nonkeratinized (soft) regions of the oral mucosa and are they permeable to fluids and small molecules

A

cheeks, lips, ventral surface of tongue, soft palate
they are permeable to fluids and small molecules

Biomed (18 decks)

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