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Things I Keep Forgetting > Biochem > Flashcards

Biochem Flashcards

1
Q

Define carbohydrate

A

Optically active polyhydroxy aldehyde/ketone or compounds that yield them on hydrolysis

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2
Q

What is the ratio of C,H and O in carbohydrates?

A

1:2:1

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3
Q

What are monosaccharides?

A

They are the building blocks of polysaccharides or carbohydrates.

They contain 1 aldehyde/ketone group and 2 or more hydroxy groups

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4
Q

Examples of monosaccharides

A

Glucose, galactose, fructose

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5
Q

Which compound is considered as the reference carbohydrate?

A

Glyceraldehyde (C3H6O3)

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6
Q

What are oligosaccharides?

A

They are compounds which yield 2-10 monosaccharides on hydrolysis

Further divided into Disaccharides, Trisaccharides, Tetrasaccharides and Pentasaccharides

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7
Q

What is the other name of Monosaccharides?

A

Simple sugar

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8
Q

Examples of Disaccharides

A

Lactose, Sucrose, Maltose, Gentiobiose and Trehalose

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9
Q

Examples of Trisaccharides

A

Rhamniose, Gentianose, Raffinose

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10
Q

Examples of Tetrasaccharide

A

Stachyose, Scorodose

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11
Q

Example of Pentasaccharide

A

Verbascose

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12
Q

General formula of monosaccharides

A

Cn(H2n)On

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13
Q

General formula of disaccharides

A

Cn(H2O)n-1

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14
Q

General formula of Trisaccharides

A

Cn(H20)n-2

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15
Q

General formula of Polysaccharides

A

(C6 H10 O5)x

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16
Q

Composition of sucrose

A

Alpha D-glucose and Beta D-fructose

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17
Q

Composition of maltose

A

2 (alpha D-glucose)

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18
Q

Composition of lactose

A

Beta D-glucose + beta D-galactose

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19
Q

Name the essential amino acids

A

Methionine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Valine, Leucine, Isoleucine, Histidine, Arginine, Phenylalanine

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20
Q

Name the Non-essential AA

A

Glycine, Alanine, Serine, Cysteine, Tyrosine, Proline, Aspartic acid, Glutamic acid

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21
Q

What are the Semi-essential AA

A

Histidine and Arginine

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22
Q

Name a Non-protein AA

A

Ornithine

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23
Q

What AAs can Glycine be synthesized from?

A

Serine, Threonine, Betaine

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24
Q

What are the reactants for the synthesis of Alanine?

A

Pyruvate and Glutamate

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25
Q

What water soluble vitamin is absent in eggs?

A

Vitamin C

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26
Q

Pulses are deficient in what AA?

A

Methionine

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27
Q

Which vitamin is required by dopamine beta-hydroxylase for the conversion of Dopamine to Nor-epinephrine?

A

Vitamin C

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28
Q

Which AA is the precursor of Meltonin?

A

Tryptophan

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29
Q

Technique for the purification of proteins

A

Affinity chromatography

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30
Q

What is the Cori cycle for?

A

Synthesis and re-use of Glucose

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31
Q

In which condition is Glucose tolerance decreased?

A

Diabetes mellitus

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32
Q

Generally how many AAs do all proteins contain?

A

More than 50

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33
Q

Name some reducing sugars

A

Glucose, Fructose, Maltose, Lactose

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34
Q

Name some Non-reducing sugars

A

Sucrose, Glycogen, Inulin

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35
Q

Parts of Rhodopsin

A

Opsin and 11-cis Retinal

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36
Q

What is Rhodopsin?

A

A light sensitive protein in retina that enables vision in low light

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37
Q

Which is the non-protein part of Rhodopsin?

A

Retinal

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38
Q

What ring does the molecule of Vitamin A1 contain?

A

Beta carotene ring

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39
Q

Vitamin K3 is also called

A

Menadione

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40
Q

Composition of Folic acid

A

Pteridine + para amino benzoic acid + Glutamic acid

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41
Q

Which test is used for the determination of an amino acid sequence?

A

Sanger reagent

42
Q

Which test is used to identify the deficiency of Pyridoxal (B6)

A

Xanthurenic acid test

43
Q

1 IU of Vit D = the biological activity of…

A

0.025 microgram of cholecalciferol

44
Q

In what ph is the absorption is Vit D increased?

A

Acidic pH of the intestine

45
Q

By what enzyme is beta carotene oxidatively cleaved by?

A

Beta carotene dioxygenase

46
Q

Which test is used to evaluate the detoxifying function of liver?

A

Hippuric acid test

47
Q

Xanthoprotic test is positive for…

A

Aromatic AA

48
Q

What kind of an enzyme is Xymogen?

A

An inactivated enzyme

49
Q

Vit B1

50
Q

Vit B2

A

Riboflavin

51
Q

Vit B3

52
Q

Vit B5

A

Pantothenic acid

53
Q

Vit B6

A

Pyridoxine, pyridoxal

54
Q

Vit B7

55
Q

Vit B9

A

Folic acid

56
Q

Vit B12

57
Q

What is Entropy?

A

Degree of randomness or disorder of a system

Directly proportional to spontaneity

Denoted by S

58
Q

What is Enthalpy?

A

Heat content of a system

Denoted by H

59
Q

Gibb’s Free energy

A

Denoted by G

Delta G = delta H - T(delta)S

Here, H has to be -ve and S has to be +ve

60
Q

What are Energy Rich Compounds?

A

Compounds which release atleast or more than 7cal/mol energy at pH=7

They are also called energy rich phosphates

61
Q

What is Zellweger syndrome?

A

The most severe peroxisome biosynthesis disorder.

It is caused by the absence of functional peroxisomes and other organelles

62
Q

What is meant by Stereoisomerism?

A

Same molecular formula, different structures

63
Q

What is meant by an Epimer?

A

Two monosaccharides that differ from each other around a single specific C atom

Eg: D-galactose and D-glucose (around C-4)

64
Q

What is meant by an anomeric carbon?

A

The carbonyl carbon on the open ended chain form of a sugar

65
Q

What are Enantiomers?

A

Mirror images of 2 sugar molecules

Eg: D-glucose and L-glucose

66
Q

What is meant by Tautomerism?

A

Shifting of a H atom from 1 carbon to another to form “enediols”

67
Q

How do you determine D and L forms of a sugar?

A

By locating the H and OH of the Carbon atoms next to the primary alcohol
A. If OH is on the right - DEXTRO
B. If OH is on the left - LEVO

68
Q

What is Sucrose also called?

A

Cane sugar

69
Q

What are the breakdown products of Starch called?

70
Q

What is Lobry de Bryn-von Ekenstein transformation?

A

The process where are sugar containing an anomeric carbon undergoes tautomerisation in alkaline solutions

Eg: When glucose is kept in an alkaline solution for several hours, it undergoes transformation to give fructose and mannose

71
Q

What are diastereomers?

A

Stereoisomers that are not mirror images of each other

72
Q

Which vitamin is also called “Sterility vitamin”?

73
Q

What base does Thymine have?

A

Pyrimidine base

74
Q

What is the IUPAC name of Calcitriol?

A

1,25 - dihydroxy cholecalciferol

75
Q

Which vitamin serves as a respiratory catalyst?

A

Vit B2 (Riboflavin)

76
Q

What are Pro-enzymes?

A

Enzymes produced in their inactive form in living cells

77
Q

Which vitamin is the co-enzyme for FMN (Flavin mono nucleotide)?

78
Q

Specificity of an enzyme is mostly dependant on…

A

Pyruvate and Apo-enzymes

79
Q

How many molecules of ATP does one molecule of Palmitate produce?

80
Q

Which vitamin promotes Glucose absorption?

81
Q

Which AA is also used as an anti-biotic?

82
Q

Which vitamin is the Pellagra preventive factor of Goldberg?

A

Vit B3 (Niacin)

83
Q

Adenylate cyclase is activated by…

84
Q

Which vitamin is Co-enzyme A derived from?

85
Q

Who proposed the “lock and key” theory?

A

Emilia Fisher

86
Q

Name the allosteric inhibitor or Hexokinase

A

Glucose - 6 - phosphate

87
Q

What is the composition of Barfoed’s reagent?

A

Cu acetate and glacial acetic acid

88
Q

Other name of Glycolysis

A

Embden Mayerhoff pathway

89
Q

What is Von-Girke’s disease caused due to?

A

The deficiency of G-6-P

Leads to an enlarged liver due to excess storage

90
Q

What is Pompe’s disease caused due to?

A

The deficiency of acid maltase

91
Q

Which disease is Glycogen storage disease (GSD-I)?

A

Von-Girke’s disease

92
Q

What is Cori’s disease caused due to?

A

The deficiency of de-branching enzymes

93
Q

What is Anderson’s disease caused due to?

A

Due to the deficiency of de-branching enzymes

There is production of an abnormal form of Amylopectin, which accumulates in heart and liver

94
Q

What is McArdle’s disease caused due to?

A

The deficiency of muscle phosphorylase

95
Q

What is Her’s disease caused due to?

A

The deficiency of liver phosphorylase

96
Q

Which disease is GSD (Glycogen storage disease) IV?

A

Anderson’s disease

97
Q

Which disease is GSD II?

A

Pompe’s disease

98
Q

Which disease is GSD III?

A

Cori’s disease

99
Q

Which disease is GSD V?

A

McArdle’s disease

100
Q

Which disease is GSD VI?

A

Her’s disease

Things I Keep Forgetting (11 decks)

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