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1
Q

What colour do u get for a positive result in Liebermann burchard?

A

Reddish brown ring in the middle of the 2 liquids

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2
Q

What colour do u get for a positive result in Liebermann burchard?

A

Reddish brown ring in the middle of the 2 liquids

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3
Q

B.source of Dioscorea

A

Dried tuber and rhizome of different varieties of dioscorea like D.villosa, D.composite, etc.

Family - dioscoracea

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4
Q

Precursor of emodin and it’s derv.

A

Beta keto methylenic acid intermediate

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5
Q

Precursor of alizarin

A

Mevolonic acid and shikimic acid

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6
Q

What compound is derived from phenylalanin

A

Prunacin (cyanogenitic glycoside)

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7
Q

What compound is derived from tyrosine

A

Dhurrin

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8
Q

Name a compound derived from valine

A

Linamarin

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9
Q

How many carbon atoms does a monoterpene have and what isoprene compound is it derived from?

A

C10 compound and geranyl pyrophosphate

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10
Q

Examples of monoterpenes

A

Menthol, limonene, geraniol, linalool, alpha pinene, citral

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11
Q

What compound is a sesquisterne derived from and how many carbon atoms does it have?

A

Farnesyl pyrophosphate and C15 compound

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12
Q

How many carbons does squalene have and what is it derived from?

A

C30 compound and 2(farnesyl pyrophosphate)

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13
Q

Examples of sesquisterene

A

Abscissic acid, termerone, santalene, zingiberone

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14
Q

Examples of geranyl geranyl pyrophosphate and how is it derived?

A

Gibberelin and phyton

(Farnesyl PP + IPP) = C20 compound

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15
Q

How are diterpenes formed and some examples

A

2(geranyl geranyl pyrophosphate) - C40 compound

Lycopene, carotenoids and beta carotene

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16
Q

How are diterpenes formed and some examples

A

2(geranyl geranyl pyrophosphate) - C40 compound

Lycopene, carotenoids and beta carotene

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17
Q

Which compound is considered to be the universal precursor?

A

Isoprene unit (C5)

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18
Q

Other name of tetraterpene

A

Phytoene

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19
Q

Active forms of isoprene unit

A

IPP & DMAPP

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20
Q

What is the colour for a +ve result on legal and Keller kiliani test?

A

Legal - deep red

Keller kiliani - Reddish brown to blue (b/w the junction of the liquids)

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21
Q

Synonym for dioscorea

A

Yam

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22
Q

B.source of podophyllum

A

Dried roots and rhizomes of P.peltatum and P.hexandrum

Family - berberidaceae

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23
Q

What colour does phlobaphene give when reacted with catechol and FeCl3

A

Brownish green

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24
Q

Which secondary metabolite can be used as an antidote for heavy metal poisoning?

A

Tannin

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25
Q

What is the colour for a +ve result on vannilin Hcl test?

A

Pink/red

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26
Q

What is the precursor of citral and linonene

A

Linanool

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27
Q

In what wavelength do carotenoids absorb light?

A

400-500nm (visible range)

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28
Q

How many double bonds do carotenoids have?

A

9-11

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29
Q

Example of hydrocarbon carotenoid

A

Beta carotene

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30
Q

What are oxygen containing carotenoids called?

A

Xanthophylls

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31
Q

Example of xanthophyll

A

Lutein

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32
Q

Which food has the highest known concentration of Lycopene?

A

Vietnamese gac fruit

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33
Q

Which food hs the highest known concentration of carotene per 100g of serving?

A

Dried carrots

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34
Q

What are the 2 main functions of carotenoids?

A
  1. To absorb light energy
  2. To prevent chlorophyll from damage
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35
Q

What is the colour of a positive test result in Grignard reaction for cyanogenetic glycosides?

A

Yellow to brick red (because of the evolution of CN)

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36
Q

Colour of a positive result in Cuprocyanate test?

A

Strip turning blue

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37
Q

Give sm examples for cyanogenetic glycosides?

A

Linamarin, amygdalin, prunacin, dhurrin, latoustralin

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38
Q

Synonym of bitter almond

A

Amygdala amara

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39
Q

B.source of Bitter Almond

A

Air dried ripe seeds of Prunus amygdalus

Family - Roseacea

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40
Q

What is the nucleus present in iridioid?

A

Cyclopentano pyran

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41
Q

B.source of podophyllum

A

Dried roots and rhizomes or P.peltatum and P.hexandrum

Family - Berberidaceae

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42
Q

What is the colour of a positive test result in Juglone test?

A

Pink colour

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43
Q

Colour obtained for the positive result in carotenoids?

A

Blue

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44
Q

What are the chemical tests specific for Naphthaquinones?

A

Juglone test and Dam Karrer test

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45
Q

Examples of Naphthaquinones

A

Lawsone, Lapachol, Alpha lapachone, beta lapachone, Juglone, Shikonine, Plumbagin

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46
Q

What is the name of Indian Gentian?

A

Gentiana kurroo

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47
Q

Examples of oleo resin

A

Canada resin, turpentine, ginger

48
Q

Examples of oleo gum resin

A

Myrrh, asafoetida, gamboage

49
Q

Example of pure resin

50
Q

Example of glyco resin

A

Podophyllum, Jalap

51
Q

Example of balsum

A

Tolu balsam, Peru balsam, Benzoin, Storax

52
Q

Examples of resinols

A

Peru balsam (peru resinotanol)

53
Q

Examples of resinic acid

A

Myrrh (abietic acid) and Colophony (commiphoric acid)

54
Q

Which are the only animals able to produce carotenoids?

A

Aphids and spider mites

55
Q

How do u differentiate between P.peltatum and P.hexandrum?

A

Alc. extract + Cu acetate ->

A. Brown colour (P.hexandrum)
B. Green colour w/o ppt. (P.peltatum)

56
Q

How do u differentiate between P.peltatum and P.hexandrum?

A

Alc. extract + Cu acetate ->

A. Brown colour (P.hexandrum)
B. Green colour w/o ppt. (P.peltatum)

57
Q

What is Ethylene used for?

A

Fruit rippening

58
Q

What is the Mechanism of action if Ethylene?

A

It increases the synthesis and release of dissolving compounds like Cellulase.

This leads to fruit rippening and leaf abscission

59
Q

What are the uses of Cytokinin?

A
  1. Promotes growth of lateral bud
  2. Promotes cell division along with Auxin
  3. Breaks seed dormancy
  4. Promotes development of embryo
  5. Delays (senescence) or ageing in leaves
60
Q

What is Cytokinin derived from?

61
Q

Where is cytokinin produced?

A

In the roots

62
Q

What are the uses of Ethylene?

A
  1. Increases the cardenolide content in Digitalis lanata
  2. Enhances flow of rubber from 30%-130%
  3. Increases sennoside content in C.angustifolia
63
Q

Give some examples of the synthetic derv. of Abscissic acid

A

Malic hydrazide
N-dimethyl amino succinamic acid
(Suppresses auxin production)

64
Q

Write some uses of Mutation

A
  1. Irradiation of Datura species (same proportion of alkaloids)
  2. Irradiation of Mentha piperita (Wilt disease resistance)
  3. Irradiation of poppy seads (inc. Morphine content by 0.32-0.52%)
65
Q

How can the yield of Capcasin be increased?

A

By mutation.
By treating Capsicum annum by Na azide and Ethyl methyl sulphonate.
Increases capcasin content by 20-60%

66
Q

What is Palisade ratio?

A

Average number of palisade cells under each epidermal cell

67
Q

What is Stomatal number?

A

Average number of stomata per mm² of epidermis

68
Q

Stomatal index

A

Percentage proportion of number of stomata, from total number of epidermal cells of a leaf

Stomatal Index = [S/(E+S)]*100

69
Q

Vein Islet number

A

Number of vein islets per mm² calculated from 4 contiguous sq.mm in the central part of lamina, midway between midrib and margin

70
Q

Vein termination number

A

Number of vein terminations per mm² of leaf surface

71
Q

Give examples for True alkaloids

A

Morphine, Quinine, Nicotine, Atropine, Ergotamine

72
Q

Give examples for Protoalkaloids

A

Mescaline, Ephedrine, Yohimbine

73
Q

Give examples for Pseudoalkaloids

A

Caffeine, Capcaisin, Ephedrine, Theobromine, Theophylline, Theacrine

74
Q

What are True alkaloids and Protoalkaloids also called?

A

True alkaloids are also called Typical/Heterocyclic alkaloids

Protoalkaloids are also called Atypical/Non-heterocyclic alkaloids

75
Q

Give some examples for Indole Alkaloids

A

Ergot, Nux-vomica, Physostigma, Vinca, Rawolfia

76
Q

Examples of Phenanthrene/Isoquinoline derivative

A

Opium, Curare, Ipecacuanha

77
Q

Examples of Tropane alkaloids

A

Belladonna, Datura, Hyoscyamus, Stramonium, Coca leaf

78
Q

Examples of Purine alkaloids

A

Coffee, Tea, Coca

79
Q

Examples of Quinoline derivative

A

Cinchona, Camptothea

80
Q

Examples of Phenyl Ethylene amine derv.

81
Q

Examples of Tropolone alkaloid

82
Q

Examples of Imidazole alkaloid

A

Pilocarpine

83
Q

What is “tropolone” also called?

A

Cyclo-hepta triene-ol-one ring

84
Q

Examples of Oxygenated Carotenoids

A

Zeaxanthin, Lutein, Spiralloxanthin

85
Q

Procedure of Carr Price test

A

(Anhy. SbCl3 dissolved in Chloroform) + Vitamin A

Gives Blue colour which fades immediately

86
Q

Name the 2 types of resin based on how they are produced

A
  1. Normal/Physiological resin (pre-formed or increased when injured):
    Eg. Resin of Pinus
  2. Abnormal or Pathological resin (occurs only when injured or when incised):
    Eg. Benzoin, Tolu balsum
87
Q

Procedure of Juglone test

A

Chloroformic extract + diethyl ether + d.NH3

PINK COLOUR

88
Q

Procedure of Dam Karrer test

A

Chloroformic extract + 10% KOH

BLUE COLOUR

89
Q

Procedure of Grignard reagent test

A

(Powdered drug + moisten it with H2O + H2SO4) in a flask

A filter paper impregnated with Na picrate and NaCO3 - placed on the mouth of the flask

YELLOW TO BRICK RED COLOUR due to the formation of CN gas

90
Q

Procedure if Cuprocyanate test

A

A filter paper impregnated with guacacium resin in Ethanol

Placed on the mouth of a flask containing powdered drug, H2SO4 and H20

Strip turns BLUE

91
Q

What colour do Naphtaquinones produce in alkaline solution?

A

Reddish brown colour

92
Q

What are resins?

A

Amorphous mixtures of essential oils or oxygenated terpenes and some acids (like benzoic acid, salicylic acid, etc)

93
Q

Name some O-glycosides

A

Digitalis, Senna, Rhubard

94
Q

Name some C-glycosides

A

Aloe, Cascara

95
Q

What is the solution used for conducting general tests for Aloe?

A

(0.1% w/v aq. soln of Aloe) + (0.5g) kiesulger —> mix by gentle heating

96
Q

Procedure of Bromine test of Aloe

A

Filtrate + freshly prepared bromine soln

PALE YELLOW colour of tetrabromalin

97
Q

Procedure of Shoententest of Aloe

A

Filtrate + Borax (mix until it is fully dissolved)

Add it into a test tube containing H2O

GREEN FLOURESCENCE

99
Q

Modified Borntrager test

A

(0.1g) drug + (2mL) d.HCl + (2mL) FeCl3 soln of 5%w/v

Boil in a water bath for 10 mins, cool and filter

Extract the filtrate with CCl4

Add equal amount of NH3

PINK COLOUR

100
Q

What colour does Curacao Aloe give for Nitrous acid test?

A

Pink or carmine

101
Q

What colour does Cape Aloe give for Nitrous acid test?

A

Faint pink

102
Q

What colour does Socotrine and Zanzibar Aloe give for Nitrous acid test and Klung’s Isobarbaloin test?

A

No change in colour

103
Q

What colour does Curacao Aloe give for Nitric acid test?

A

Deep brownish red colour

104
Q

What colour does Cape Aloe give for Nitric acid test?

A

Brownish to green colour

105
Q

What colour does Socotrine Aloe give for Nitric acid test

A

Pale brownish to yellow colour

106
Q

What colour does Zanzibar Aloe give to Nitric acid test?

A

Yellowish brown colour

107
Q

What is the Indian variety of Belladona called?

A

Atropa acuminate

108
Q

Name of the European variety of Belladona

A

Atropa belladona

109
Q

Procedure of Vitali Morin test

A

Add fuming HNO3 to the test extract and evaporate to dryness

Add methanolic KOH to the acetone soln of the nitrated residue

VIOLET COLOUR

110
Q

What would be the colour if Opium solution is mixed with FeCl3?

A

Reddish purple (Due to the presence of meconic acids in opium)

111
Q

What colour would the solution be if Opium is mixed with a small amount t of HNO3?

A

Orange red colour (due to the presence of morphine)

112
Q

B.source of Asafoetida

A

Dried latex obtained from incisions made in the roots and rhizomes of Ferula foetida

Family - Umbelliferae

113
Q

B.source of Myrhh

A

Oleo-gum-resin obtained from the stem and branches of Commiphora molmol and other species

Family - Bursaraeceae

114
Q

Synonym of Myrhh

115
Q

Synonym of Asafoetida

A

Devil’s dung, Hing, Gum of the sinksand

116
Q

B.source of Ruta

A

Fresh and dried leaves of Ruta graveolens

Family - Rutaceae

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