Terms And Names Flashcards
Ostwald rippening
Dissolution of small ppts and their re-precipitation on the surface of large crystals.
Occurs during the process of digestion in Gravimetry
Mother liquor
The solution in which the precipitate has been formed
What is the Von Weimarn equation?
(Q-S)/S
Q - conc. of reagents before pption
S - solubility of the ppt. at equilibrium
Coagulation
Colloidal particles coming together to form larger particles that eventually settle as residue or float on the surface
Co-precipitation
Compounds that are originally soluble in the mother liquor, get precipitated along with the desired ppt.
What is meant by Mixed crystal formation?
The contaminant ion, of almost the same size and charge as that of the desired ion, replaces it in the precipitate
Occlusion
When a crystal is growing rapidly during ppt. formation, foreign ions in the counter ion layer may become trapped/occluded within the growing crystal
Mechanical entrapment
It occurs when crystals lie close together during growth. Several crystals grow together and in doing so, a portion of the solution gets trapped in a tiny pocket
What is the difference between co-pption and post-pption?
Co-ppt. - Occurs while crystal growth is occurring
Post-pption - process where impurities get adsorbed onto the surface of the required ppt. (Occurs after the required ppt has been formed)
What is Poidy?
Number of sets of chromosomes present in a cell
What is Genome?
Haploid set of chromosomes present in a gamete
Polypoidy
Condition in which the organism has an extra pair of chromosomes in it’s gamete
What is Redox?
Reduction (gain of electron) + oxidation (loss of electron)
What is Population?
Total number of people involved in an experiment
What is meant by Sample?
Subset of population?
What is Descriptive statistics?
Used to measure or describe the data
What is Inferential statistics?
Used to make inferences in an experiment
What is Central tendency?
The average value or mean value of the data
What is meant by Variability?
The difference between individual values from the mean value
What is sample denoted by?
X bar
What is population denoted by?
Mu
What is meant by Skewness or Skewd distribution?
A graph based on the variation or difference between mean, median and mode
What is meant by Unimodel distribution?
One number is repeated most number of times
What is meant by Bimodel distribution?
2 or more numbers are repeated most number times in a specific data
What is meant by Multi-model distribution?
Multiple numbers are repeated most number of times in a specific data
What is meant by Kurtosis?
Degree of difference in the variation of mean, median and mode from the central tendency
What is other name of +ve kurtosis?
Leptokurtic (diff between mean, median and mode is very neglibible)
What is the other name of Normal distribution?
Mesokurtic
What is the other name of -ve kurtosis?
Platykurtic (huge variation between mean, median and mode)
What is the relation between variance and standard deviation?
Root(variance) = standard deviation
What is Scattered plot for?
Determining the relationship between 2 variables
What is Bar Graph for?
For representing discrete data
What is Pie chart for?
For expressing fraction and proportions
What is Histogram for?
For representing continuous data
What is Response surface plot for?
For representing 2 independent variables and one dependant variable
What is Contour plot for?
For representing 2 independent variables against each other
What is Co-relation and Regression for?
To quantify the strength of relationship between 2 variables
What is Regression analysis?
Analysing the relationship between x/y or x/y/z by drawing a line
What constitutes a large sample?
More than 30 people
What constitutes a small sample size?
Less than 30
What is meant by Parameter?
Data collected from a population
What is meant by Statistics?
Data collected from a sample
What is meant by Margin of Error?
Degree to which your results differ from the true values
What is Glass transition temperature?
It is the temperature at which glass goes from a rigid, glassy state to a flexible, rubbery texture
What is Differential Scanning Colorimetry (DSC)?
It is a method used to measure the flow of heat into and out of a sample
How can one detect glass transition?
When glass undergoes transition, there would be a “difference in it’s heat capacity”
What is X-ray differactometry used for?
To determine crystal texture
What is Solution calorimetry used for?
To measure the change in heat when a solute is dissolved in a solvent
What are the two main systems used for pharmaceutical calculations?
Imperial system and Metric system
What are the two types of calculations that can be done by using Imperial and Metric system?
They can be used to calculate:
1. Weight
2. Capacity
What are the 2 categories that fall under Imperial system for calculating weight?
Avordupois and Apothecaries system
What is the standard unit of Avordupois system?
Pounds (lb)
What is the standard unit for Apothecaries system?
Grain
When was the usage of Metric system adopted by the Indian Pharmacopoeia?
1st April, 1964
1 drop = ____ mL and ____ minim
1 drop = 0.06mL
1 drop = 1 minim
I teaspoon = ____ mL = ____ fl. drachm
1 teaspoon = 4 mL
1 teaspoon = 1 fl.drachm
1 dessert spoonful = ____ mL and ____fl.drachm
1 dessert spoonful = 8 mL
1 dessert spoonful = 2 fl.drachm
1 tablespoon = _____ mL and ____ fl.drachm
15mL and 4 fl.drachm
2 tablespoons = _____ fl.ounce
1 fl.ounce
I wineglassful = ___ mL = ___ fl.ounce
60 mL and 2 fl.ounce
1 teacup full = ___ mL = ____ fl.ounce
120mL and 4 fl.ounce
1 tumbler full = ____ mL = ____ fl.ounce
240 mL and 8 fl.ounce
Polymorphism
Ability of a substance to crystallize in one or more crystal species with different lattice
Eg - Carbon is found in it’s CUBIC state in Diamond and HEXAGONAL state in Graphite
What is Enantiotropic Polymorphism?
A substance goes from it’s Metastable state to stable state
Eg - Sulpher
What method is used to differentiate between Crystalline and Amorphous compounds?
X-ray powder diffraction
Compare Amorphous and Crystalline substances based on:
1. Stability
2. Dissolution rates
- Stability of Amorphous > Crystalline
- Dissolution rate of Hydrate or Amorphous > Crystalline
What is the requirement of a drug for good therapeutic efficacy?
pH = 1-8 at 37°C
When is a substance considered “poorly soluble”?
When it’s solubility is <10 mg/dL
(When it’s solubility is between 1-10mg/dL, the formation of a salt form is considered to improve solubility)
What are the conditions under which Intrinsic solubility should be tested?
4°C - for physical and chemical stability testing
37°C - for biopharmaceutical evaluation
What is meant by Intrinsic Dissolution?
Dissolution rate of a solid in it’s own solution
