Bio Section 13-14 Flashcards
What are the two different types of synapses?
Chemical and electrical
Postsynaptic neurons contain what type of receptors?
Neurotransmitter
What are the four major chemical categories?
Acetylcholine
Amino acids
Monoamines
Neuropeptides
Which chemical is class by itself?
Acetylcholine
What are the two things Acetylcholine is formed from?
Acetic acid and choline
What do Amino acid neurotransmitters include?
Glycine, glutamate, aspartate, and y-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
Monoamines synthesized from what?
Amino acids
What do monoamines include?
Epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine
Also includes histamine, ATP, serotonin
What do neuropeptides include?
Cholecystokinin and substance P
What are the three types of synapses?
Excitatory cholinergic
Inhibitory GABA-ergic
Excitatory adrenergic
What are the three ways a neurotransmitter can clear?
Degradation
Reuptake
Diffusion
What are Neuromodulators?
They are chemicals secreted by neurons that have long-term modulatory effects on groups of neurons.
What is a simple neuromodulator?
Nitric Oxide.
What is neural integration?
It is the ability to process, store, and recall information and use it to make decisions.
For a cell to fire an action potential it must reach the threshold of?
-55 mV
When does temporal summation occur?
When a single synapse generates EPSPs so quickly that each is generated before the previous one fades.
When does Spatial summation happen?
When EPSPs from several different synapses add up to the threshold at an axon hillock
How many types of neural circuits are there?
There are four.
Diverging
Converging
Reverberating
Parallel after-discharge
What is a Reverberating circuit?
When neurons stimulate each other in linear sequence but one or more of the later cells restimulate the first cell to start the process over again.
What is a Parallel after-discharge circuit?
They continue to fire after the stimulus stops.
What is a Diverging circuit?
One nerve fiber branches and synapses with sever postsynaptic cells
What is a Converging circuit?
Input from any different nerve fibbers that can be funded to one neuron or neural pool.
What processing can only process one flow of information at a time?
Serial processing
What is Parallel processing?
Information is being transmitted along diverging circuits through different pathways that act on it simultaneously for different purposes.
What is the physical basis of memory?
It is a pathway through the brain called a memory trace or engram.
Synaptic plasticity
The ability of synapses to change
Synaptic potentiation
The process of making transmissions easier
What are the three kinds of memory?
Immediate
Short-term
Long-term
What is Immediate memory?
It is the ability to hold something in your thoughts for a few seconds
What is Short-term memory?
Only lasts for a few seconds to a few hours
What is Long-term memory?
Something that may last a lifetime and can hold more information than short-term memory
What are the two types of long-term memory?
Explicit
Implicit
What is Explicit LTM?
Memories you can put into words
What is Implicit LTM?
Reflexive or unconscious memories
What are the symptoms of Alzheimer’s?
Memory loss for recent events
Moody, combative
Lose the ability to talk walk and eat
