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Bio 23 lectures > Bio Section 13-14 > Flashcards

Bio Section 13-14 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the two different types of synapses?

A

Chemical and electrical

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2
Q

Postsynaptic neurons contain what type of receptors?

A

Neurotransmitter

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3
Q

What are the four major chemical categories?

A

Acetylcholine
Amino acids
Monoamines
Neuropeptides

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4
Q

Which chemical is class by itself?

A

Acetylcholine

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5
Q

What are the two things Acetylcholine is formed from?

A

Acetic acid and choline

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6
Q

What do Amino acid neurotransmitters include?

A

Glycine, glutamate, aspartate, and y-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

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7
Q

Monoamines synthesized from what?

A

Amino acids

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8
Q

What do monoamines include?

A

Epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine
Also includes histamine, ATP, serotonin

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9
Q

What do neuropeptides include?

A

Cholecystokinin and substance P

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10
Q

What are the three types of synapses?

A

Excitatory cholinergic
Inhibitory GABA-ergic
Excitatory adrenergic

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11
Q

What are the three ways a neurotransmitter can clear?

A

Degradation
Reuptake
Diffusion

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12
Q

What are Neuromodulators?

A

They are chemicals secreted by neurons that have long-term modulatory effects on groups of neurons.

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13
Q

What is a simple neuromodulator?

A

Nitric Oxide.

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14
Q

What is neural integration?

A

It is the ability to process, store, and recall information and use it to make decisions.

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15
Q

For a cell to fire an action potential it must reach the threshold of?

A

-55 mV

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16
Q

When does temporal summation occur?

A

When a single synapse generates EPSPs so quickly that each is generated before the previous one fades.

17
Q

When does Spatial summation happen?

A

When EPSPs from several different synapses add up to the threshold at an axon hillock

18
Q

How many types of neural circuits are there?

A

There are four.
Diverging
Converging
Reverberating
Parallel after-discharge

19
Q

What is a Reverberating circuit?

A

When neurons stimulate each other in linear sequence but one or more of the later cells restimulate the first cell to start the process over again.

20
Q

What is a Parallel after-discharge circuit?

A

They continue to fire after the stimulus stops.

21
Q

What is a Diverging circuit?

A

One nerve fiber branches and synapses with sever postsynaptic cells

22
Q

What is a Converging circuit?

A

Input from any different nerve fibbers that can be funded to one neuron or neural pool.

23
Q

What processing can only process one flow of information at a time?

A

Serial processing

24
Q

What is Parallel processing?

A

Information is being transmitted along diverging circuits through different pathways that act on it simultaneously for different purposes.

25
Q

What is the physical basis of memory?

A

It is a pathway through the brain called a memory trace or engram.

26
Q

Synaptic plasticity

A

The ability of synapses to change

27
Q

Synaptic potentiation

A

The process of making transmissions easier

28
Q

What are the three kinds of memory?

A

Immediate
Short-term
Long-term

29
Q

What is Immediate memory?

A

It is the ability to hold something in your thoughts for a few seconds

30
Q

What is Short-term memory?

A

Only lasts for a few seconds to a few hours

31
Q

What is Long-term memory?

A

Something that may last a lifetime and can hold more information than short-term memory

32
Q

What are the two types of long-term memory?

A

Explicit
Implicit

33
Q

What is Explicit LTM?

A

Memories you can put into words

34
Q

What is Implicit LTM?

A

Reflexive or unconscious memories

35
Q

What are the symptoms of Alzheimer’s?

A

Memory loss for recent events
Moody, combative
Lose the ability to talk walk and eat

Bio 23 lectures (9 decks)

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