Bio Section 11-12

Question 1

What are the two subdivisions of the nervous system?

Answer 1

Central and Peripheral

Question 2

What are the components of the CNS?

Answer 2

Brain and spinal cord

Question 3

What are the components of the PNS?

Answer 3

Everything but the Brain and spinal cord

Question 4

What are nerves?

Answer 4

A bundle of nerve fibers (axons) wrapped in fibrous connective tissue

Question 5

Ganglion?

Answer 5

A knot-like swelling in a nerve where neuron cell bodies are concentrated.

Question 6

Does the PNS contain sensory and motor divisions?

Answer 6

Yes and the divisions each have somatic and visceral subdivisions

Question 7

What does the Sensory division do?

Answer 7

Carries singles from receptors to the CNS

Question 8

What does the Somatic sensory division do?

Answer 8

Carries singles from receptors in the skin. muscles. bones, and joints to the CNS

Question 9

What does the Visceral sensory division do?

Answer 9

Carries singles from the viscera (heart, lungs, stomach, and urinary bladder) to the CNS

Question 10

What does the motor (effernt) division do?

Answer 10

Carries signals from the CNS to effectors ( glands and muscles that carry out the body response.

Question 11

What does the Somatic motor division do?

Answer 11

Carries signals to the skeletal muscles

Question 12

What does the Visceral motor division do?

Answer 12

Carries signals to the glands, cardiac and smooth muscle.

Question 13

The visceral motor division is further divided into two more categories called?

Answer 13

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic division.

Question 14

What is the function of the sympathetic division?

Answer 14

It tends to arouse body actions.
Accelerating heartbeat and respiration, while inhibiting digestive and urinary systems

Question 15

What is the function of the Parasympathetic division?

Answer 15

Has a calming effect
Slows heart rate and breathing
Stimulates digestive and urinary systems

Question 16

What are the three universal properties of neurons?

Answer 16

Excitability
Conductivity
Secretion

Question 17

What is excitability?

Answer 17

It is the response to environmental changes called stimuli

Question 18

What is Conductivity?

Answer 18

Response to stimuli by producing electrical signals that are quickly conducted to other cells at distant locations.

Question 19

What is Secretion?

Answer 19

When an electrical signal reaches the end of a nerve fiber, the cell secrets a chemical neurotransmitter that influences the next cell.

Question 20

What are the three functional classes of neurons?

Answer 20

Sensory (afferent)
Interneurons
Motor (efferent)

Question 21

What is the function of the Sensory neurons?

Answer 21

TO detect stimuli and transmit information about them toward the CNS

Question 22

Where are the Interneurons located?

Answer 22

Entirely within the CNS connecting motor and sensory pathways (about 90% of all neurons)

Question 23

What is the function of the interneurons?

Answer 23

They receive signals from many neurons and carry out integrative functions.

Question 24

What is the function of a motor (efferent) neuron?

Answer 24

They send signals out to muscles and gland cells ( the effectors)

Question 25

What is the control center of neurons?

Answer 25

Neurosoma (cell body)

Question 26

What is a characteristic of Neurosoma?

Answer 26

It has a single centrally located nucleus with a large nucleolus.

Question 27

What does the cytoplasm contain?

Answer 27

Mitochondria Lysosomes Golgi complex Inclusions Extensive rough ER Cytoskeleton

Question 28

What are dentrites?

Answer 28

They are branches that come off the neirosoma

Question 29

What is the function of dendrites?

Answer 29

The receive signals from other neurons

Question 30

What does it mean if I say Multipolar neuron?

Answer 30

It has one axon and multiple dendrites Most commonly found in the CNS

Question 31

What does it mean if I say Bipolar neuron?

Answer 31

It was one axon and one dendrite Olfactory cells, retina, inner ear.

Question 32

What does Unipolar neuron mean?

Answer 32

The single process leading away from the neuron soma Sensory cells from the skin and organs to spinal cord

Question 33

What does Anaxonic neuron mean?

Answer 33

Many dendrites but no axon Retina, brain, adrenal gland

Question 34

What are the four types of glia that occur in the CNS?

Answer 34

Oligodendrocytes Ependymal cells Microglia Astrocytes

Question 35

What is the function of the Oligodendrocytes?

Answer 35

To form myelin sheaths in the CNS that speed signal conduction.

Question 36

What is the function of the Ependymal cells?

Answer 36

They line the internal cavities of the brain; secrete and circulate cerebrospinal fluid CSF

Question 37

What is the function of the Microglia?

Answer 37

They wander through the CNS looking for debris and damage to be fixed.

Question 38

What is the most abundant glial cell in the CNS?

Answer 38

Astrocytes

Question 39

Is it true that Astrocytes can only perform one function?

Answer 39

That is false. They have a diverse abilities for functions.

Question 40

What are the two types of cells that occur in the PNS?

Answer 40

Schwann Satellite

Question 41

What are the functions of the Schwann Cells?

Answer 41

They wind repeatedly around a a nerve fiber Assist in regeneration of damages fibers Produce myelin sheath similar to the ones in the CNS

Question 42

What is a Myelin sheath?

Answer 42

It is insulation around nerve fiber.

Question 43

What is Myelination?

Answer 43

It is the production of the myelin sheath.

Question 44

When does Myelination begin?

Answer 44

At 14 weeks of fetal development and is completed in late adolescence

Question 45

What is a tumor?

Answer 45

It is a mass of rapidly dividing cells.

Question 46

What do brain tumors arise from?

Answer 46

Meninges Metastasis from nonneuronal tumors in other organs

Question 47

What decreases the effectiveness of chemotherapy?

Answer 47

Blood-brain barriers

Question 48

What are two diseases caused by the myelin sheath

Answer 48

Multiple sclerosis Tay-Sachs

Question 49

What is Tay-Sachs disease?

Answer 49

It is a hereditary disorder of infants of Eastern European Jewish ancestry.

Question 50

Small unmyelinated fiber conduct speed at?

Answer 50

0.5 to 2.0 m/s

Question 51

Small myelinated fibers conduct speed at?

Answer 51

3 to 15.0 m/s

Question 52

Large myelinated fibers conduct speed at?

Answer 52

up to 120m/s

Question 53

Where are the slow signals sent?

Answer 53

The gastrointestinal track.

Question 54

Where are fast signals sent?

Answer 54

Skeletal muscles