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Bio 23 lectures > Bio Section 11-12 > Flashcards

Bio Section 11-12 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the two subdivisions of the nervous system?

A

Central and Peripheral

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2
Q

What are the components of the CNS?

A

Brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

What are the components of the PNS?

A

Everything but the Brain and spinal cord

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4
Q

What are nerves?

A

A bundle of nerve fibers (axons) wrapped in fibrous connective tissue

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5
Q

Ganglion?

A

A knot-like swelling in a nerve where neuron cell bodies are concentrated.

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6
Q

Does the PNS contain sensory and motor divisions?

A

Yes and the divisions each have somatic and visceral subdivisions

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7
Q

What does the Sensory division do?

A

Carries singles from receptors to the CNS

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8
Q

What does the Somatic sensory division do?

A

Carries singles from receptors in the skin. muscles. bones, and joints to the CNS

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9
Q

What does the Visceral sensory division do?

A

Carries singles from the viscera (heart, lungs, stomach, and urinary bladder) to the CNS

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10
Q

What does the motor (effernt) division do?

A

Carries signals from the CNS to effectors ( glands and muscles that carry out the body response.

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11
Q

What does the Somatic motor division do?

A

Carries signals to the skeletal muscles

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12
Q

What does the Visceral motor division do?

A

Carries signals to the glands, cardiac and smooth muscle.

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13
Q

The visceral motor division is further divided into two more categories called?

A

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic division.

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14
Q

What is the function of the sympathetic division?

A

It tends to arouse body actions.
Accelerating heartbeat and respiration, while inhibiting digestive and urinary systems

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15
Q

What is the function of the Parasympathetic division?

A

Has a calming effect
Slows heart rate and breathing
Stimulates digestive and urinary systems

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16
Q

What are the three universal properties of neurons?

A

Excitability
Conductivity
Secretion

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17
Q

What is excitability?

A

It is the response to environmental changes called stimuli

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18
Q

What is Conductivity?

A

Response to stimuli by producing electrical signals that are quickly conducted to other cells at distant locations.

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19
Q

What is Secretion?

A

When an electrical signal reaches the end of a nerve fiber, the cell secrets a chemical neurotransmitter that influences the next cell.

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20
Q

What are the three functional classes of neurons?

A

Sensory (afferent)
Interneurons
Motor (efferent)

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21
Q

What is the function of the Sensory neurons?

A

TO detect stimuli and transmit information about them toward the CNS

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22
Q

Where are the Interneurons located?

A

Entirely within the CNS connecting motor and sensory pathways (about 90% of all neurons)

23
Q

What is the function of the interneurons?

A

They receive signals from many neurons and carry out integrative functions.

24
Q

What is the function of a motor (efferent) neuron?

A

They send signals out to muscles and gland cells ( the effectors)

25
Q

What is the control center of neurons?

A

Neurosoma (cell body)

26
Q

What is a characteristic of Neurosoma?

A

It has a single centrally located nucleus with a large nucleolus.

27
Q

What does the cytoplasm contain?

A

Mitochondria
Lysosomes
Golgi complex
Inclusions
Extensive rough ER
Cytoskeleton

28
Q

What are dentrites?

A

They are branches that come off the neirosoma

29
Q

What is the function of dendrites?

A

The receive signals from other neurons

30
Q

What does it mean if I say Multipolar neuron?

A

It has one axon and multiple dendrites
Most commonly found in the CNS

31
Q

What does it mean if I say Bipolar neuron?

A

It was one axon and one dendrite
Olfactory cells, retina, inner ear.

32
Q

What does Unipolar neuron mean?

A

The single process leading away from the neuron soma
Sensory cells from the skin and organs to spinal cord

33
Q

What does Anaxonic neuron mean?

A

Many dendrites but no axon
Retina, brain, adrenal gland

34
Q

What are the four types of glia that occur in the CNS?

A

Oligodendrocytes
Ependymal cells
Microglia
Astrocytes

35
Q

What is the function of the Oligodendrocytes?

A

To form myelin sheaths in the CNS that speed signal conduction.

36
Q

What is the function of the Ependymal cells?

A

They line the internal cavities of the brain; secrete and circulate cerebrospinal fluid CSF

37
Q

What is the function of the Microglia?

A

They wander through the CNS looking for debris and damage to be fixed.

38
Q

What is the most abundant glial cell in the CNS?

A

Astrocytes

39
Q

Is it true that Astrocytes can only perform one function?

A

That is false. They have a diverse abilities for functions.

40
Q

What are the two types of cells that occur in the PNS?

A

Schwann
Satellite

41
Q

What are the functions of the Schwann Cells?

A

They wind repeatedly around a a nerve fiber
Assist in regeneration of damages fibers
Produce myelin sheath similar to the ones in the CNS

42
Q

What is a Myelin sheath?

A

It is insulation around nerve fiber.

43
Q

What is Myelination?

A

It is the production of the myelin sheath.

44
Q

When does Myelination begin?

A

At 14 weeks of fetal development and is completed in late adolescence

45
Q

What is a tumor?

A

It is a mass of rapidly dividing cells.

46
Q

What do brain tumors arise from?

A

Meninges
Metastasis from nonneuronal tumors in other organs

47
Q

What decreases the effectiveness of chemotherapy?

A

Blood-brain barriers

48
Q

What are two diseases caused by the myelin sheath

A

Multiple sclerosis
Tay-Sachs

49
Q

What is Tay-Sachs disease?

A

It is a hereditary disorder of infants of Eastern European Jewish ancestry.

50
Q

Small unmyelinated fiber conduct speed at?

A

0.5 to 2.0 m/s

51
Q

Small myelinated fibers conduct speed at?

A

3 to 15.0 m/s

52
Q

Large myelinated fibers conduct speed at?

A

up to 120m/s

53
Q

Where are the slow signals sent?

A

The gastrointestinal track.

54
Q

Where are fast signals sent?

A

Skeletal muscles

Bio 23 lectures (9 decks)

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