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Bio 23 lectures > Bio 23 sections 5-6 Chapter 2.4 Textbook > Flashcards

Bio 23 sections 5-6 Chapter 2.4 Textbook Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the study of the compounds of carbon?

A

Organic chemistry

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2
Q

How many valence electrons does carbon have?

A

Four

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3
Q

Carbon atoms that readily bond with each other and form long chains, branched molecules, and rings are known as?

A

Carbon backbones

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4
Q

Functional group

A

Small clusters of atoms that determine many of the properties of an organic molecule

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5
Q

Hydroxyl Group

A

(-OH)
Occurs in sugars and alcohol

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6
Q

Methyl group

A

(-CH3)
Occurs in fats, oils, steroids, and amino acids.

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7
Q

Carboxyl Group

A

(-COOH)
Occurs in Amino acids, sugars, and proteins

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8
Q

Amino Group

A

(-NH2)
Ouccurs in Amino acids, and proteins

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9
Q

Phosphate Group

A

(-H2PO4)
Occurs in Nucleic acids and ATP

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10
Q

What are polymers?

A

A molecule consists of a long chain of identical or similar subunits such as protein, DNA, and starch.
Most macromolecules are polymers

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11
Q

What is a Monomer?

A

One of the identical or similar subunits of a larger molecule in the dimmer to polymer range

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12
Q

What is dehydration synthesis?

A

When two monomers become joined by a covalent bond and form a dimmer and water is a by-product.

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13
Q

What is hydrolysis synthesis?

A

When the dimmer gives up the H+ and OH- break the bond of the two monomers and let them consume the water. forming two monomers

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14
Q

What is a Carbohydrate?

A

It is a hydrophilic organic molecule with the general formula (CH2O)n…

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15
Q

What is it called when monomers join to form a polymer?

A

Polymerization

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16
Q

The simplest carbohydrates are monomers called?

A

Monosaccharides or simple sugars

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17
Q

What are the three primary monosaccharides?

A

Glucose, galactose, and fructose. With the molecular formula C6H12O6

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18
Q

What monosaccharide provides the most energy to cells?

A

Glucose (blood sugar)

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19
Q

What are disaccharides?

A

A Carbohydrate that is composed of two simple sugars joined by a glycosidic bond.

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20
Q

What are the three primary disaccharides?

A

Lactose, sucrose, and maltose

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21
Q

What two monosaccharides make sucrose?

A

Glucose + fructose

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22
Q

What two monosaccharides make lactose?

A

Glucose + galactose

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23
Q

What two monosaccharides make maltose?

A

Glucose + Glucose

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24
Q

Short chains of three or more monosaccharides are?

A

Oligosaccharides

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25
Q

Long chains (up to thousands of monosaccharides long) are called?

A

Polysaccharides

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26
Q

What are the three primary polysaccharides to human physiology?

A

Glycogen, starch, cellulose

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27
Q

what is glycogen?

A

A glucose polymer synthesized by liver, muscle, uterine, and vaginal cells that serve as an energy-storage polysaccharide.

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28
Q

When does the liver produce glycogen?

A

After for meal for instance when the glucose levels are high.

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29
Q

What stores glycogen for its own energy needs?

A

Muscles

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30
Q

What does the uterus use glycogen for?

A

It is used in the early stage of pregnancy to nourish the embryo.

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31
Q

What is the corresponding energy-storage polysaccharides of plants?

A

Starch

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32
Q

What is the only significant digestible polysaccharides in a human diet?

A

Starch

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33
Q

What is the structural polysaccharides that give strength to the cell walls of plants?

A

Cellulose

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34
Q

What is the most abundant organic compound on earth but can not be digested by humans?

A

Cellilose

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35
Q

What does conjugated mean?

A

It is a state in which one organic compound is bound to another compound of a different class. For example, a protein conjugated with a carbohydrate to form glycoproteins.

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36
Q

What are the three main types of conjugated carbohydrates?

A

Glycoproteins, Glycolipids, and Proteoglycan

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37
Q

What is a glycolipid?

A

A phospholipid molecule with a carbohydrate covalent bonded to it, is found in the plasma membrane of the cell.

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38
Q

What is a glycoprotein?

A

A protein molecule with a smaller carbohydrate covalently bonded to it; found in mucus and the glycocalyx of the cell.

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39
Q

What is a proteoglycan?

A

It is a large molecule composed of a bristlelike arrangement of glycosaminoglycans surrounding a protein core in a shape resembling a bottle brush.

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40
Q

What do proteoglycans form?

A

They form gels that hold cells and tissues together and form a gelatinous filler in the umbilical cord and eye, lubricated the joints of the skeletal system, and account for the tough rubbery texture of cartilage.

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41
Q

What is a moiety?

A

A chemically distinct subunit of a macromolecule, such as the hemo and globin moieties of hemoglobin or the lipid and carbohydrate moieties of a glycolipid.

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42
Q

What is a lipid?

A

A hydrophobic organic compound composed mainly of carbon and a high ratio of hydrogen to oxygen; including fatty acids, fats, phospholipids, steroids, and prostaglandin

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43
Q

What are the five primary types of lipids in humans?

A

Fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, eicosanoids, and steroids.

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44
Q

What is the function of thw lipid named BILE ACIDS

A

Steroids that aid in fat digestion and nutrient absorption.

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45
Q

What is the function of the lipid named cholesterol?

A

It is a component of cell membranes; a precursor of other steroids

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46
Q

What is the function of the lipid named Eicosandoids?

A

Chemical messengers between cells

47
Q

What is the function of the lipid named Fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K)

A

It is involved in a number of functions including blood-clotting, wound healing, vision and calcium absorption

48
Q

What is the function of the lipid named Fatty acids?

A

Precursor of triglycerides; source of energy

49
Q

What is the function of the lipid named Phospholipids?

A

Major component of cells membranes; aids in fat digestion

50
Q

What is the function of the lipid named Steroids hormones?

A

Chemical messenger between cells

51
Q

What is the function of the lipid named Triglycerides?

A

Emergy storage; thermal insulation; filling space; binding organs together; cushioning organs.

52
Q

What is fatty acid?

A

An organic molecule is composed of a chain of an even number (4-24) of carbon atoms with a carboxyl group at one end and a methyl group and the other; one of the structural subunits of triglycerides and phospholipids.

53
Q

What are the two categories of fatty acids?

A

Saturated or unsaturated

54
Q

What makes saturated fatty acids saturated?

A

They hold the maximum amount of hydrogen per carbon

55
Q

What makes unsaturated fatty acids unsaturated?

A

They do not hold the maximum number of hydrogen per carbon.

56
Q

What are polyunsaturated fatty acids?

A

They are the ones that have multiple C=C bonds

57
Q

Most fatty acids can be synthesized by humans but a few must be obtained from the diet because we can not synthesize them. What Is the name of that fatty acids?

A

Essential Fatty Acids

58
Q

What is triglyceride?

A

A lipid composed of three fatty acids joined to glycerol; also called triacylglycerol or neutral fat.

59
Q

Once joined to glycerol a fatty acid can no longer donate a proton to the solution and is therefore no longer an acid for this reason this lipid is also called what?

A

Neutral fats

60
Q

Triglycerides are broken down by what reaction?

A

Hydrolysis

61
Q

Triglycerides at room temperature are also called?

A

Oils

62
Q

What is a phospholipid?

A

An amphipathic molecule composed of two fatty acids and a phosphate-containing group bonded to the three carbons of a glycerol molecule

Compose mot if the molecules of the plasma membrane and other cellular membranes

63
Q

What does amphipathic mean?

A

Pertaining to a molecule that has both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions

64
Q

What is the hydrophilic region of the phospholipid?

A

The head and they are also known as polar (water-loving)

65
Q

What is the hydrophobic region of a phospholipid?

A

The tails and they are also known as non-polar (water-fearing)

66
Q

What are Eicosanoids?

A

They are 20-carbon compounds derived from a fatty acid called arachidonic acid.

67
Q

What are the most diverse eicosanoids?

A

Prostaglandins

68
Q

What are prostaglandins?

A

An eicosanoid with five-sided carbon rings in the middle of the hydrocarbon chain.

69
Q

What is a steroid?

A

It is a lipid with 17 of its carbons arranged in four rings.

70
Q

What is cholesterol?

A

A steroid that functions as part of the plasma membrane and as a precursor for all other steroids in the body.

71
Q

How much cholesterol comes from our diet and how much is internally synthesized primarily by the liver?

A

15% diet and 85% from internal synthesized

72
Q

What is a protein?

A

A larger polypeptide; while criteria from a protein are somewhat subjective and variable. Polypeptides over 50 amino acids long are generally classified as proteins.

73
Q

Protein is a polymer of what?

A

Amino acids.

74
Q

The 20 amino acids used to make proteins are identical except for a third functional group named what?

A

R group radical

75
Q

What is a peptide?

A

Any chain of two or more amino acids.

76
Q

What is a peptide bond?

A

A group of four covalently bonded atoms (a-C=O group bonded to an -NH group) that link two amino acids in a protein or other peptide.

77
Q

What is confirmation?

A

The three-dimensional structure of a protein that results from interaction among its amino acid side groups, its interaction with water, and the formation of disulfide bonds.

78
Q

Protein molecules have how many levels of complexity?

A

Anywhere from 3-4
Primary structure
Secondary structure
Tertiary structure
Quaternary structure

79
Q

What are primary structures?

A

It is that protein sequence of amino acids, which is encoded in the genes.

80
Q

What is secondary structure?

A

It is a coiled or folded shape held together by a hydrogen bond between the slightly negative -C=O group peptide bond and the slightly positive -NH group of another one some distance away.

81
Q

How many secondary structures are there?

A

Two
Alpha helix
Beta shgeet

82
Q

What shape does the alpha helix resemble?

A

Springlike

83
Q

What shape does the Beta sheet resemble?

A

Pleated, ribbonlike

84
Q

How are tertiary structures formed?

A

By further bending and folding of proteins into various globular and fibrous shapes.

85
Q

What do Globular proteins resemble?

A

A wadded ball of yarn

86
Q

What do fibrous proteins look like?

A

Slender filaments

87
Q

What are quaternary structures?

A

It is the association of two or more polypeptide chains by noncovalent forces such as ionic bonds and hydrophilic- hydrophobic interactions.

88
Q

What is denaturation?

A

A charge in the three-dimensional conformations of a protein destroys its enzymatic or other functional properties. usually caused by extremes of temp and pH.

89
Q

What is keratin?

A

It is a structural protein, gives strength to the nails, hair, and skin surface.

90
Q

Deeper layers of the skin, bones, cartilage, and teeth contain an abundance of a durable protein called what?

A

Collagen

91
Q

What is movement?

A

Fundamental to all life.

92
Q

Most enzymes are proteins that function as what?

A

Biological catalysts

93
Q

What is a substrate?

A

A chemical that is acted upon and changed by an enzyme
A chemical used as a source of energy, such as glucose and fatty acids.

94
Q

The region of a protein that binds to a ligand, such as the substrate-binding site of an enzyme or the hormone-binding site of a receptor is called?

A

Active site

95
Q

What does substrate specificity mean?

A

It is the ability of an enzyme to bind only one substrate or a limited range of related substrates.

96
Q

What is the enzyme-substrate complex?

A

The fit between a particular enzyme and its substrate.

97
Q

What are factors that change the shape of an enzyme

A

Notable temperature and pH changes

98
Q

About two-thirds of human enzymes require a nonprotein partner called what?

A

Cofactor

99
Q

What is a cofactor?

A

It is a nonprotein such as a mental ion or coenzyme needed for an enzyme to function.

100
Q

What is a coenzyme?

A

It is a small organic molecule usually derived from vitamins that is needed to make an enzyme catalytically active.

101
Q

What is a metabolic pathway?

A

It is a chain of reactions with each step usually catalyzed by a different enzyme.

102
Q

What is a nucleotide?

A

It is an organic molecule composed of a nitrogenous base, a monosaccharide, and a phosphate group; the monomer of a nucleic acid

103
Q

One of the most known nucleotide is?

A

ATP

104
Q

What is the body’s most important energy transfer molecule?

A

ATP Adenosine Triphosphate

105
Q

What is phosphorylation?

A

Addition of an inorganic phosphate group to an organic molecule.

106
Q

What is the enzyme that adds an inorganic phosphate group to another organic molecule also known as phosphokinase?

A

Kinase

107
Q

What is the first stage in glucose oxidation?

A

Glycolysis

108
Q

What is glycolysis?

A

A series of anaerobic oxidation reactions breaks a glucose molecule into two molecules of pyruvate and produce small amounts of ATP.

109
Q

When the demand for ATP outpaces the oxygen supply, excess pyruvate is converted to lactate by a pathway called?

A

Anaerobic fermentation

110
Q

What are the two disadvantages of anaerobic fermentation?

A

1) it doesn’t extract any more energy from pyruvate
2) the lactate it produces is toxic

111
Q

If enough oxygen is available a more efficient pathway is called.

A

Aerobic respiration

112
Q

What is aerobic respiration?

A

It is the oxidation of organic compounds in a reactions series that requires oxygen and produces APT

113
Q

What is Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)

A

It is a nucleotide that is formed by the removal of both the second and third phosphate groups from ATP

114
Q

What is nucleic acid?

A

An acidic polymer of nucleotides found or produced in the nucleus, functioning in the heredity and protein synthesis of two types, DNA and RNA.

Bio 23 lectures (9 decks)

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