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Bio 23 lectures > Bio 23 Sections 3-4 > Flashcards

Bio 23 Sections 3-4 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a mixture?

A

It is substances that are physically blended but not chemically combined.

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2
Q

What percentage does water take up in the human body?

A

50-75% and that is based on age, sex, fat content, and so on.

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3
Q

Solvency

A

The ability to dissolve other chemicals

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4
Q

What is considered the universal solvent?

A

Water

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5
Q

Hydrophilic

A

A substance that dissolves in water and is referred to as polar or water-loving.

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6
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Substances that do not dissolve in water, are referred to be nonpolar or water-fearing.

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7
Q

Adhesion

A

The tendency of one substance to cling to another.

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8
Q

Cohesion

A

The tendency of like molecules to cling to each other.
For example, water is very cohesive due to the hydrogen bonds.

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9
Q

Chemical reactivity

A

The ability to participate in chemical reactions.

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10
Q

What does water ionize into?

A

H+ and OH-

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11
Q

What two synthesis reactions is water involved in?

A

Hydrolysis and dehydration

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12
Q

Heat Capacity

A

The amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1g of a substance by 1c degree.

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13
Q

Calorie (cal)

A

The amount of heat that raises the temperature of 1g of water 1c degree

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14
Q

Is water an effective coolant? True or False

A

True

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15
Q

How are solutions defined

A

1) solute particles under 1 nm
2) Solute particles do not scatter light
3) Will pass through most membranes
4) Will not separate on standing

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16
Q

Colloids in the body are often mixtures of what?

A

Protein and water

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17
Q

Colloids are defined by what physical properties?

A

1) particles range from 1-100 nm in size
2) scatter light and are usually cloudy
3) particles too large to pass through a semipermeable membrane
4) particles remain permanently mixed with the solvent when the mixture stands.

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18
Q

Suspension is defined by what physical properties?

A

1) Particles exceed 100nm
2) Too large to penetrate selectively permeable membranes
3) cloudy or opaque in appearance
4) separate on standing
Example blood cells in blood plasma

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19
Q

Emulsion

A

Suspension of one liquid in another
Example oil-and-vinegar dressing and fat in breast milk

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20
Q

Acid

A

Proton donor (releases H+ ions in water)

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21
Q

Base

A

Proton acceptor (accepts H+ ions and releases OH- ions)

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22
Q

Is a pH of 7.0 acidic?

A

False. It is neutral (H+ and OH- are the same)

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23
Q

Is a pH of greater the 7.0 a base?

A

True

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24
Q

What is a pH of less than 7.0?

A

Its acidic.

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25
Q

What are the chemical solutions that resist changes in the pH?

A

Buffers.

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26
Q

the change of one number on a pH scale is represented by how much change

A

Tenfold.
Example a pH of 4.0 is 10 times more acidic as a pH of 5.0

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27
Q

Electrolytes are crucial for what?

A

The heart, The nerves, and muscles

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28
Q

Electrolytes concentration is measured in equivalents. True of false?

A

True

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29
Q

Energy

A

is the capacity todo work, to move something. All body activity are forms of work.

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30
Q

Potential energy

A

Energy that us stored in an object, but not currently doing work.

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31
Q

Chemical energy

A

Potential energy in molecular bonds

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32
Q

Free energy

A

Potential energy available in a system to do useful work.

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33
Q

Kinetic energy

A

Energy of motion and doing work

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34
Q

Heat

A

Kinetic energy of molecular motion

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35
Q

Electromagnetic energy

A

Kinetic energy of moving packets of radiation called photons.

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36
Q

A process in which covalent or ionic bonds is formed or broken.

A

Chemical reaction

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37
Q

Symbolizes the course of a chemical reaction.
Reactants (on left) -> products (on right)

A

Chemical equation

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38
Q

How many classes of chemical reactions are there?

A

Four
Decomposition, Synthesis, Exchange, and Reversible reactions

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39
Q

What chemical reaction breaks down large molecules into two or more smaller ones?

A

Decomposition AB –> A+B

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40
Q

Synthesis Reaction

A

Two or more small molecules combine to form a larger one.
A+B –> AB

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41
Q

Two molecules exchange atoms or group of atoms.
AB+ CD –> ABCD –>AC+ BD

A

Exchange reaction

42
Q

Reversible Reactions

A

Can go in either direction under different circumstances.
<–>
CO2 +H2O3 <–> H2CO3 <–> HCO3- +H+

43
Q

Law of mass action

A

Direction of reaction determined by relative abundance of substances on either side of equation and equilibrium is reached when ratio of products to reactants is stable.

44
Q

Law of mass action

A

Direction of reaction determined by relative abundance of substances on either side of equation and equilibrium is reached when ratio of products to reactants is stable.

45
Q

When do reactions occur?

A

When molecules collide with enough force and correct orientation.

46
Q

Reaction rates increase when?

A

The concentration of reactants is increased.
The temperature rises
A catalyst is present

47
Q

Metabolism

A

a chemical reaction of the body

48
Q

Catabolism

A

Energy-releasing decomposition reaction
Breaks covalent bonds
Produces smaller molecules

49
Q

Anabolism

A

Energy-storing synthesis reaction
Requires energy input

50
Q

Catabolism and anabolism are inseparably linked. true or false.

A

True

51
Q

A chemical reaction in which a molecule gives up electrons and releases energy.

A

Oxidation

52
Q

Molecules are oxidized when what occurs?

A

When they lose electrons

53
Q

The oxidizing agent is?

A

The electron acceptors (oxygen is ofter the electron acceptor)

54
Q

Reduction

A

Any chemical reaction in which a molecule gains electrons.

55
Q

A molecule is reduced when what occures.

A

When a molecule gains electrons.

56
Q

The reducing agent.

A

The molecule that donates electrons

57
Q

Oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions

A

Oxidation of one molecule is always accomplished by the reduction of another.
Electrons are often transferred as hydrogen atoms.

58
Q

Organic chemistry

A

The study of compounds containing carbon.
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids

59
Q

Carbon binds readily with each other and forms what.

A

A carbon backbone.

60
Q

Functional groups

A

Form small clusters of atoms attached to a carbon backbone.
Determine many of the properties of organic molecules.

61
Q

Hydroxyl

A

(-OH) Occurs in sugar, alcohol

62
Q

Methyl

A

(-CH3) Occurs in fats, oils, amino acids.

63
Q

Carboxyl

A

(-COOH) Occurs in amino acids, sugar, and proteins.

64
Q

Amino

A

(-NH3) Occurs in amino acids and proteins.

65
Q

Phosphate

A

(-H2PO4) and occurs in Nucleic acid and ATP

66
Q

Macromolecules

A

Are very large organic molecules with high molecular weights.

67
Q

Polymers

A

Macromolecules made of a repetitive series of identical or similar subunits ( monomers)

68
Q

Polymerization

A

The joining of monomers to form a polymer.

69
Q

Dehydration synthesis

A

Monomers covalently bind together to form a polymer.
A hydroxyl (-OH) group is removed from on monomer, and hydrogen (-H) from another.
Water is a by-product

70
Q

Hydrolysis

A

The opposite of dehydration.
Splitting a polymer in monomers by addition of water

71
Q

Carbohydrates are hydrophilic organic molecules. True or false

A

True

72
Q

Monosaccharides

A

Are the simplest carbohydrates
Monomers

73
Q

What are three important monomers

A

Glucose, Galactose, and Fructose. all have the molecular formula of (C6H12O6)

74
Q

Disaccharides

A

Sugars that are made of two covalently bonded monosaccharides.

75
Q

What are the three important disaccharides

A

Sucrose, lactose, maltose

76
Q

Sucrose (table sugar)

A

Glucose + Fructose

77
Q

Lactose (milk sugar)

A

Glucose + Galactose

78
Q

Maltose (sugar in grain products)

A

Glucose + Glucose

79
Q

Oligosaccharides

A

Short chains of three or more monosaccharides (at least 10)

80
Q

Polysaccharides

A

Long chains of monosaccharides (at least 50)

81
Q

Three important polysaccharides

A

Glycogen, starch, and cellulose

82
Q

Glycogen

A

Is the energy that is stored in the cells of the liver, muscle, brain, uterus, and vagina.

83
Q

Starch

A

Energy stored in plants that is digestible by humans

84
Q

Cellulose

A

Structural molecules in plants that is important for human dietary fiber (but indigestible to us)

85
Q

Carbohydrates are often conjugated with lipids and proteins. true or false

A

True

86
Q

Lipids

A

Lipids are hydrophobic organic molecules with a high ratio of hydrogen to oxygen.

87
Q

Five primary types of lipids in the human body

A

Fatty acids
Triglycerides
Phospholipids
Eilcosanoids
Steroids

88
Q

Fatty acids

A

Chains of 4-24 carbon atoms with carboxyl groups on one end and a methyl groups on the other.
Must be obtained from food

89
Q

What are the two groups of fatty acids

A

Saturated and nonsaturated

90
Q

Triglycerides (neutral fats)

A

Three fatty acids are linked to glycerol and formed by dehydration and broken down by hydrolysis. The primary function is to store energy. oils and fats are examples

91
Q

Trans-fatty acids

A

Two covalent single C-C bonds angle in opposite on each side of the C=C double bond. Resist breakdown and rise the risk of heart disease.

92
Q

Cis-fatty acids

A

Two covalent single C-C bonds angle in the same direction adjacent to the C=C double bond.

93
Q

Phospholipids

A

Similar to neutral fats except one fatty acid is replaced by a phosphate group.

94
Q

Fatty acid tails are?

A

Hydrophobic (water- fearing)

95
Q

Phosphate Heads are?

A

Hydrophilic (water-loving)

96
Q

Eicosanoids

A

20-carbon compounds derived from arachidonic acid.
Hormone-like chemical singles between cells.
Include prostaglandins.

97
Q

Do prostaglandins play important roles?

A

Yes! Inflammation, blood clotting, hormone action, labor contractions, blood vessel diameter.

98
Q

Steroids

A

Lipids with 17 carbon atoms in four rings. Cholesterol
15% of our cholesterol comes from diet and 85% is from internal synthesized (mostly in the liver)

99
Q

Other important steroids include:

A

Cortisol, progesterone, estrogens, testosterone, and bile acids.

100
Q

HDL (high-density lipoprotein) Good or bad cholesterol

A

Good. A lower ration of lipids to proteins
may help prevent cardiovascular disease.

101
Q

LDL (low-density lipoprotein) Good or Bad cholesterol

A

Bad. Has a higher lipid to protein ratio and contributes to cardiovascular disease.

Bio 23 lectures (9 decks)

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