Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Bio 23 lectures > Bio 23 Sections 7-8 3.1, 3.2,3.3 Textbook > Flashcards

Bio 23 Sections 7-8 3.1, 3.2,3.3 Textbook Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the scientific study of cells?

A

Cytology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Who coined the word cellulae (little cells)?

A

Robert Hooke in 1663

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

About how many different kinds of cells are in the human body?

A

200 with various shapes and sizes and functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does the cell shape squamous look like?

A

A thin, flat, scaly shape, often with a bulge where the nucleus is. also looks like a sunny side-up egg.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What does the cell shape cuboidal look like?

A

Squarish- looking in the frontal section and about equal in height and width. liver cells are a good example.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does the cell shape columnar look like?

A

Distinctly taller than wide, such as the inner lining cell of the stomach and intestines. They look like columns.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does the cell shape polygonal look like?

A

They have irregularly angular shapes with four, five, or more sides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does the cell shape stellate look like?

A

Having multiple pointed processes projecting from the body of the cell, giving it a starlike shape.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does the cell shape spheroidal to oval look like?

A

Round to oval, as in the egg cells and white blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does the cell shape discoidal look like?

A

They are disk-shaped, like red blood cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What does the cell shape fibrous look like?

A

Long, slender, and threadlike, as in skeletal muscles and the axons.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

The fluid between the nucleus and the surface membrane is called?

A

Cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is cytoplasm?

A

The contents of a cell between its plasma membrane and its nuclear envelope, consist of cytosol, organelles, inclusions, and the cytoskeleton.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the most important thing about a microscope?

A

Resolution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is resolution?

A

The ability to reveal details.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

If the enlargement fails to reveal any more useful details it is called?

A

Empty magnification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is a scanning electron microscope (SEM)

A

A microscope that produces three-dimensional images at high magnification and resolution, but can only view surface features.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the plasma (cell) membrane made of?

A

Proteins and lipids.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is cytosol?

A

It is a clear featureless, gelatinous colloid in which the organelles and other internal structures of a cell are embedded. also referred to as intracellular fluid (ICF)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the major components of the plasma membrane?

A

Cytoplasm
Cytoskeleton
Organelles (including nucleus)
Inclusions
Cytosol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

All the body fluids not contained in the cells are collectively called what?

A

Extracellular fluid (ECF)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is an example of extracellular fluid?

A

Blood plasma, lymph, and cerebrospinal fluid.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What does the plasma membrane do?

A

Defines boundaries for the cell, governs interactions with other cells, and controls the passage of materials into and out of the cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How does the plasma membrane appear under an electron microscope?

A

It appears as two parallel lines with a total thickness of 7.5 nm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

The face that faces the cytoplasm is called?

A

The intercellular face of the membrane.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

The face that faces the outward is called?

A

Extracellular face

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What percent do lipids take up in the plasma membrane?

A

98%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What percent are phospholipids?

A

75%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What percent is cholesterol?

A

20%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What percent are glycolipids?

A

5%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Although proteins are only 2% of the molecules of the plasma what percent do they take up for the membrane weight?

A

50%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is transmembrane protein?

A

An integral protein that extends through a plasma membrane and contacts both the extracellular and intracellular fluid.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Can the transmembrane proteins pass completely through the phospholipid bilayer? true or false

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Are transmembrane proteins amphipathic molecules (meaning they have both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions? True or false?

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Peripheral proteins

A

A protein of the plasma membrane that clings to its intracellular or extracellular surface but does not penetrate into the phospholipid bilayer.

36
Q

What are some of the functions of membrane proteins?

A

Receptor, Enzyme, channel, gated channel, cell-identity marker, and cell-adhesion molecules (CAM)

37
Q

What is the function of the receptors in the membrane?

A

To bind chemicals and transport them into the cell.

38
Q

What is the function of the enzymes in the membrane?

A

They carry out the final stages of starch and protein digestion in the small intestines.

39
Q

What is the function of the channels in the membrane?

A

They allow water and hydrophilic solutes to move through the membrane.

40
Q

What is the function of the gated channel in the membrane?

A

They open and close under different circumstances and allow solutes through some times but not others.

41
Q

What are the three types of stimuli that the gates respond to?

A

Voltage-gated channels, ligand-gated channels, and mechanically gated channels.

42
Q

Ligand-gated channels respond to?

A

Chemical messengers

43
Q

Voltage-gated channels respond to?

A

Changes in the electrical potential across the membrane.

44
Q

Mechanically gated channels respond to?

A

The physical stress on a cell such as stretch and pressure.

45
Q

Carriers are also called what?

A

Pumps and they consume ATP in the process

46
Q

What enables the body to tell which cell beings to it and what is a forging invader?

A

Cell-identity makers (identification tags

47
Q

What are second messengers?

A

A chemical that is produced within a cell or that enters a cell in response to the binding of a messenger to a membrane receptor and that triggers a metabolic reaction in the cell.

48
Q

What is the first messenger that cannot pass through the plasma membrane so it binds to a surface receptor

A

Epinephrine

49
Q

What is the G protein

A

It is a protein of the plasma membrane that is activated by a membrane receptor and it turns opens an ion channel or activates an intracellular physiological response

50
Q

What is the ATP-like chemical that the G protein gets its name from?

A

Guanosine triphosphate

51
Q

What is adenylate cyclase?

A

An enzyme of the plasma membrane that makes cyclic adenosine monophosphate by removing two phosphate groups from ATP.

52
Q

What do kinases do?

A

They add phosphate groups to other cellular enzymes.

53
Q

External to the plasma membrane, all animal cells have a fuzzy coating called?

A

Glycocalyx

54
Q

What is glycocalyx?

A

A layer of carbohydrate molecules covalently bonded to the phospholipids and proteins of a plasma membrane; forms a surface coat on all human cells.

55
Q

What are some of the functions of Glycocalyx

A

Protection, immunity to infection, defense against cancer, transplant compatibility, call adhesion, fertilization, and embryonic development.

56
Q

Many cells have surface extensions what are they called?

A

Microvilli, cilia, flagella, and pseudopods.

57
Q

What do Microvilli, cilia, flagella, and pseudopods aid in?

A

Absorption, movement, and sensory processes

58
Q

What are microvilli?

A

These are extensions of the plasma membrane that serve primarily to increase a cell’s surface area.

59
Q

What is a brush border?

A

The fringe of microvilli on the apical surface of an epithelial cell serves to enhance surface area and promote absorption.

60
Q

What is Actin?

A

A bundle of stiff filaments of a protein

61
Q

Where do the Actin filaments attach?

A

To the inside of the plasma membrane at the tip of the microvillus.

62
Q

What are cilia?

A

They are hairlike that are used for sensory

63
Q

What are some of the roles that cilia has a part in?

A

In the sense of balance in the ear, in the retina of the eye for light absorption, and the kidney to monitor the flow of fluids as it is processed into the urine.

64
Q

The structural basis for ciliary movement is a core called what?

A

Axeneme

65
Q

What is Axeneme?

A

The central core of a cilium or flagellum is composed of microtubules.

66
Q

There are two central microtubules surrounded by a ring of nine microtubule pairs in an arrangement called?

A

9+2 structure

67
Q

What is the only functional flagellum in the human body? And they move

A

The tail of a sperm cell

68
Q

What are pseudopods?

A

They are a cytoplasm-filled extensions of the cell varying in shape from fine, filamentous processes to blunt fingerlike ones.

69
Q

Is the plasma membrane selectively permeable? true or false.

A

True

70
Q

What does selectively permeable mean?

A

It means it allows some things through like nutrients and wastes but will block things like proteins and phosphates from leaving or entering the cell.

71
Q

What are the two methods of moving substances through the membrane?

A

Passive or active mechanisms

72
Q

Which one of the two methods of moving substances through the membranes do not require ATP?

A

Passive

73
Q

What are three types of carried-mediated transport?

A

Facilitated diffusion, primary active transport, and secondary active transport.

74
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

It is the carried mediated transport of a solute through a membrane down it concentration gradient and requires no APT

75
Q

What is secondary transport?

A

It requires an energy input but only depends on ATP indirectly.

76
Q

What is primary active transport?

A

It is a process in which a carrier moves a substance through a cell membrane up its concentration gradient using energy provided by ATP.

77
Q

What is vesicular transport?

A

The movement of particles or fluid droplets through the plasma membrane by the process of endocytosis or exocytosis.

78
Q

What is endocytosis?

A

Any process in which a cell forms vesicles from its plasma membrane and takes in large particles. Inside

79
Q

What is exocytosis?

A

A process in which a vesicle in the cytoplasm of a cell fuses with the plasma membrane and releases its contents from the cell. outside

80
Q

What are the three forms of endocytosis?

A

Phagocytosis. pinocytosis, and receptor-mediated endocytosis.

81
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

“Cell eating”. The process of engulfing particles such as bacteria. dust. and cellular debris.

82
Q

What is pinocytosis?

A

“Cell drinking”. The process of tsking in droplets of ECF containing molecules of some use to the cell.

83
Q

What is receptor-mediated endocytosis?

A

is more selective from either phagocytosis or pinocytosis. In the process in which certain molecules in the extracellular fluid bind receptors in the plasma membrane, these receptors gather together. the membrane sinks inward at that point,

84
Q

What are the three types of carriers of carrier-mediated transport?

A

Uniport, symport. antiport.

85
Q

Uniport

A

Carries one type of solute

86
Q

Symport

A

Carries two or more solutes simultaneously in the same direction.

87
Q

Antiport

A

Carries two or more solutes in opposite directions.

Bio 23 lectures (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions