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Bio 23 lectures > Bio 23 Section 9-10 > Flashcards

Bio 23 Section 9-10 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What does DNA stand for?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

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2
Q

How many molecules (chromosomes) are in the nucleus of most human cells?

A

46 DNA molecules and they are about 2in in length

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3
Q

DNA is a polymer of?

A

Nucleotides

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4
Q

What does a nucleotide consist of?

A

A sugar group, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

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5
Q

What are the nitrogen bases in DNA?

A

A T, C, G

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6
Q

What are the purines (double rings) of nitrogenous bases?

A

Adenine (A) and Guanine (G)

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7
Q

What are the pyrimidines (single rings) of nitrogenous bases?

A

Cytosine (C) Thymine (T) Uracil (U)

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8
Q

What are the nitrogenous bases in RNA?

A

A, C, G, U

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9
Q

DNA is represented by a?

A

Double helix

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10
Q

RNA is represented by a?

A

Single nucleotide chain.

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11
Q

How many RNAs are there?

A

Three

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12
Q

What are the names of the RNAs?

A

Messenger RNA (mRNA)
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
Transfer RNA (tRNA)

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13
Q

What sugar does DNA hold?

A

Deoxyribose (simple sugar)

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14
Q

What sugar does RNA hold?

A

Ribose sugar

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15
Q

What was the previous definition of a gene?

A

A segment of DNA that carries the code for a particular protein.

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16
Q

How many genes are in the human body?

A

About 20,000

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17
Q

What is the current definition of a gene?

A

An information-containing segment of DNA that codes for the production of a molecule of RNA that plays a role in synthesizing one or more proteins.

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18
Q

The amino acid sequence of a protein is determined by what?

A

Nucleotide sequence in the DNA.

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19
Q

How many sets of the 23 chromosomes come from each parent?

A

One

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20
Q

What is a genome?

A

It is all the DNA in one 23-chromosome set.

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21
Q

What is Genomics?

A

The study of the whole genome
How genes and noncoding DNA interact affects the structure and function of the organism.

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22
Q

A gene on average is how many bases long?

A

3,000 but can be up to 2.4 million bases long.

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23
Q

All humans are at least what percent genetically identical?

A

99.99%

24
Q

The comination of single-nucleotide polymorphisms accounts for what?

A

All human genetic variations

25
Q

What is a Base triplet?

A

The sequence of three DNA nucleotides that stand for one amino acid.

26
Q

What is a Codon?

A

3-base sequence on mRNA.

27
Q

What is the start codon?

A

AUG codes of methionine

28
Q

What are the stop codons?

A

UAA, UGA, UAG

29
Q

What cells do not contain identical genes?

A

Sex cells and some immune cells.

30
Q

Where does transcription occur?

A

Nucleus

31
Q

What is the process of protein synthesis?

A

DNA to PremRNA to mRNA to protein

32
Q

In translation does mRNA code for proteins?

A

Yes

33
Q

Where does translation occur?

A

Cytoplasm

34
Q

What are the two types of Pre-mRNA?

A

Exons and Introns.

35
Q

What are exons?

A

A segment of pre-mRNA that will export from the nucleus and translate into protein.

36
Q

What are Introns?

A

Segments of pre-mRNA must be removed before translation.

37
Q

Can one gene code for more than one protein?

A

Yes

38
Q

What do chaperone proteins do? slide 35

A

They guide the folding of newly synthesized proteins

39
Q

What are the three participants in translation?

A

mRNA, tRNA, and Ribosomes

40
Q

what is the function of mRNA (Messenger RNA)

A

It carries code from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.
It has a protein cap that is a recognition site for the ribosome.

41
Q

What is the function of tRNA Transfer RNA?

A

It delivers a single amino acid to the ribosome.
Contains an anticodon- a series of three nucleotides that are complementary to the mRNA codon.

42
Q

What is the function of the Ribosomes?

A

Organelles that read the message and build a peptide chain.
Free in the cytosol, on rough ER, and on the nuclear envelope.

43
Q

When the start codon (AUG) is reached what beings?

A

Protein synthesis.

44
Q

What are the three steps in Translation?

A

Initiation
Elongation
Termination

45
Q

What is Initiation?

A

It is the leader sequence on mRNA that binds to small ribosomal subunits and contains the AUG (methionine)

46
Q

What is Elongation?

A

Is when The strand becomes longer.

47
Q

What is Termination?

A

When the ribosome reaches the stop codon

48
Q

Polyribosome?

A

When one mRNA is attached to multiple ribosomes

49
Q

Can a cell have many mRNA molecules undergo simultaneous translation?

A

Yes

50
Q

How many protein molecules can a cell produce every second?

A

100,000+

51
Q

What is the job of Chaperone proteins?

A

They guide the folding of newly synthesized proteins
They help prevent improper associations between different proteins.

52
Q

What are the names f the proteins that chaperones produce in response to heat or stress?

A

Stress proteins or heat-shock proteins

53
Q

Proteins that are to be used in the cytosol are likely to be made on what?

A

Free ribosomes in the cytosol

54
Q

Proteins that are destined for packaging onto lysosomes or secretion from the cell are assembled where and sent where?

A

Assembled on the Rough ER and sent to the Golgi complex fro packaging.

55
Q

What are the four steps in DNA replication?

A

Unwinding
Unzipping
Building new strand
Repackaging

56
Q

What does DNA unwind from?

A

Histones

57
Q

What is a mutation?

A

Changes in the DNA structure due to replication errors or environmental factors

Bio 23 lectures (9 decks)

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