Bio 23 Section 9-10

Question 1

What does DNA stand for?

Answer 1

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Question 2

How many molecules (chromosomes) are in the nucleus of most human cells?

Answer 2

46 DNA molecules and they are about 2in in length

Question 3

DNA is a polymer of?

Answer 3

Nucleotides

Question 4

What does a nucleotide consist of?

Answer 4

A sugar group, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

Question 5

What are the nitrogen bases in DNA?

Answer 5

A T, C, G

Question 6

What are the purines (double rings) of nitrogenous bases?

Answer 6

Adenine (A) and Guanine (G)

Question 7

What are the pyrimidines (single rings) of nitrogenous bases?

Answer 7

Cytosine (C) Thymine (T) Uracil (U)

Question 8

What are the nitrogenous bases in RNA?

Answer 8

A, C, G, U

Question 9

DNA is represented by a?

Answer 9

Double helix

Question 10

RNA is represented by a?

Answer 10

Single nucleotide chain.

Question 11

How many RNAs are there?

Answer 11

Three

Question 12

What are the names of the RNAs?

Answer 12

Messenger RNA (mRNA)
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
Transfer RNA (tRNA)

Question 13

What sugar does DNA hold?

Answer 13

Deoxyribose (simple sugar)

Question 14

What sugar does RNA hold?

Answer 14

Ribose sugar

Question 15

What was the previous definition of a gene?

Answer 15

A segment of DNA that carries the code for a particular protein.

Question 16

How many genes are in the human body?

Answer 16

About 20,000

Question 17

What is the current definition of a gene?

Answer 17

An information-containing segment of DNA that codes for the production of a molecule of RNA that plays a role in synthesizing one or more proteins.

Question 18

The amino acid sequence of a protein is determined by what?

Answer 18

Nucleotide sequence in the DNA.

Question 19

How many sets of the 23 chromosomes come from each parent?

Answer 19

One

Question 20

What is a genome?

Answer 20

It is all the DNA in one 23-chromosome set.

Question 21

What is Genomics?

Answer 21

The study of the whole genome
How genes and noncoding DNA interact affects the structure and function of the organism.

Question 22

A gene on average is how many bases long?

Answer 22

3,000 but can be up to 2.4 million bases long.

Question 23

All humans are at least what percent genetically identical?

Answer 23

99.99%

Question 24

The comination of single-nucleotide polymorphisms accounts for what?

Answer 24

All human genetic variations

Question 25

What is a Base triplet?

Answer 25

The sequence of three DNA nucleotides that stand for one amino acid.

Question 26

What is a Codon?

Answer 26

3-base sequence on mRNA.

Question 27

What is the start codon?

Answer 27

AUG codes of methionine

Question 28

What are the stop codons?

Answer 28

UAA, UGA, UAG

Question 29

What cells do not contain identical genes?

Answer 29

Sex cells and some immune cells.

Question 30

Where does transcription occur?

Answer 30

Nucleus

Question 31

What is the process of protein synthesis?

Answer 31

DNA to PremRNA to mRNA to protein

Question 32

In translation does mRNA code for proteins?

Answer 32

Yes

Question 33

Where does translation occur?

Answer 33

Cytoplasm

Question 34

What are the two types of Pre-mRNA?

Answer 34

Exons and Introns.

Question 35

What are exons?

Answer 35

A segment of pre-mRNA that will export from the nucleus and translate into protein.

Question 36

What are Introns?

Answer 36

Segments of pre-mRNA must be removed before translation.

Question 37

Can one gene code for more than one protein?

Answer 37

Yes

Question 38

What do chaperone proteins do? slide 35

Answer 38

They guide the folding of newly synthesized proteins

Question 39

What are the three participants in translation?

Answer 39

mRNA, tRNA, and Ribosomes

Question 40

what is the function of mRNA (Messenger RNA)

Answer 40

It carries code from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. It has a protein cap that is a recognition site for the ribosome.

Question 41

What is the function of tRNA Transfer RNA?

Answer 41

It delivers a single amino acid to the ribosome. Contains an anticodon- a series of three nucleotides that are complementary to the mRNA codon.

Question 42

What is the function of the Ribosomes?

Answer 42

Organelles that read the message and build a peptide chain. Free in the cytosol, on rough ER, and on the nuclear envelope.

Question 43

When the start codon (AUG) is reached what beings?

Answer 43

Protein synthesis.

Question 44

What are the three steps in Translation?

Answer 44

Initiation Elongation Termination

Question 45

What is Initiation?

Answer 45

It is the leader sequence on mRNA that binds to small ribosomal subunits and contains the AUG (methionine)

Question 46

What is Elongation?

Answer 46

Is when The strand becomes longer.

Question 47

What is Termination?

Answer 47

When the ribosome reaches the stop codon

Question 48

Polyribosome?

Answer 48

When one mRNA is attached to multiple ribosomes

Question 49

Can a cell have many mRNA molecules undergo simultaneous translation?

Answer 49

Yes

Question 50

How many protein molecules can a cell produce every second?

Answer 50

100,000+

Question 51

What is the job of Chaperone proteins?

Answer 51

They guide the folding of newly synthesized proteins They help prevent improper associations between different proteins.

Question 52

What are the names f the proteins that chaperones produce in response to heat or stress?

Answer 52

Stress proteins or heat-shock proteins

Question 53

Proteins that are to be used in the cytosol are likely to be made on what?

Answer 53

Free ribosomes in the cytosol

Question 54

Proteins that are destined for packaging onto lysosomes or secretion from the cell are assembled where and sent where?

Answer 54

Assembled on the Rough ER and sent to the Golgi complex fro packaging.

Question 55

What are the four steps in DNA replication?

Answer 55

Unwinding Unzipping Building new strand Repackaging

Question 56

What does DNA unwind from?

Answer 56

Histones

Question 57

What is a mutation?

Answer 57

Changes in the DNA structure due to replication errors or environmental factors