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Biology 108 > Bio 108 - Lectures 1-7 > Flashcards

Bio 108 - Lectures 1-7 Flashcards

1
Q

Phenotype

Pheno =

A

Variation you can see (morphology / behaviour)Pheno = Appearance

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2
Q

Ethnotaxonomy

A

How different cultures classify organisms

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3
Q

Natural Selection

A

Through nature the most fit animals are the most common

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4
Q

Systema Naturae

A

Carl Linnaes book about classifying organisms

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5
Q

Nomenclature
Nomen =
Calare =

A

Rules about classifying organisms
Name
Call

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6
Q

Systematics

A

The theory of classifying organisms

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7
Q

Molecular Systematics

A

Using proteins, DNA, RNA to classify organisms

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8
Q

Molecular Phylogenetics

A

Reconstruction phylogenetic relationships by matching base pairs

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9
Q

Deductive / Hypotheticodeductive approach

A

Outcome predicted from generalization

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10
Q

2 Types of Sexual Selection

A

Intrasexual selection - Males fight for a femaleIntersexual selection - males try to look good for females

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11
Q

2 Causes of Genetic Drift

A

Bottleneck effect, Founder effect

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12
Q

Gene Flow

A

When individuals interbreed or migrate among populations

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13
Q

Gradualism

A

The theory that differentiation changes occur slowly over time

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14
Q

Microevolution

A

Evolution at the population level

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15
Q

Macroevolution

A

Evolution above the species level

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16
Q

5 things that cause Reproductive Isolation

A

1) Behavior
2) Mechanics
3) Habitat
4) Timing
5) Gametic

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17
Q

Phylogram

A

A visual representation of the difference between taxa, represented by branch length

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18
Q

Punctated Equilibrium

A

When there is a period of lots of change, followed by a period of very little change

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19
Q

Polytomy

A

Unresolved pattern of Divergence

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20
Q

Cladogenesis

A

When a species evolves into two different species

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21
Q

Five Main Factors that Alter Allele Frequency

A

1) Mutation
2) Natural selection
3) Genetic Drift
4) Gene Flow
5) Extinction

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22
Q

HomologyHomo=

A

When all character states have the same evolutionary origin= same

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23
Q

Prokaryote

A

Organism that does not have any membrane bound organelles, single celled. No nucleus, DNA is in nucleoid

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24
Q

Nucleid

A

Mass of genetic data, DNA not enclosed by membrane

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25
Plasmid
Small ring of DNA containing a few extra genes
26
Horizontal vs Vertical Transfer
Horizontal Transfer is between individuals of the same generationVertical is between parents to offspring
27
Hypotonic vs Hypertonichypo = below
Hypertonic leaves the cell in hypotonic solution
28
3 Types of Archae
1) Methanoges 2) Halophiles 3) Thermophiles
29
Methanogen
Likes places with no oxygenProduces methane
30
Binary Fission
A method of asexual reproduction were the cell duplicates and then splits in half
31
Transformation
Uptake of Naked DNA released from dead bacteria
32
Conjugation
A form of sexual reproduction where one bacteria connect to the other one by a tube and genetic information is shared
33
4 Different Metabolic Types
1) Photoautotrophs 2) Chemoautotrophs 3) Photoheterotrophs 4) Chemoheterotrophs
34
Two Lineages of Prokaryotes
1) Bacteria | 2) Archaea
35
HalophilesHalo =
Archaea that live in very salt rich habitatsHalo = Salt
36
Thermopiles
Archaea that live in extremely warm habitats
37
Chlamydias
Type of Bacteria that causes chlamydia, can only live inside animal cells
38
Spirochaetes + 2 Diseases it Causes
Type of bacteria that travels by moving in a spiral | Syphilis and Lymes Disease
39
Gram+ Bacteria
Largest bacteria, botox
40
Proteobacteria
Large Metabolically diverse group of gram- bacteriaCauses EcoliIncludes Rhizobium, lives in root nodules
41
Metabolsim
Chemical pathway used for living organisms to build up molecules (anabolism) or break down molecules to release energy (catabolism)
42
Gram+ vs Gram-
Gram+ Peptiglycan, abbsorbs | Gram- Polysaccharid, does not absorb
43
Cynobacteria
Only prokaryote that produces oxygen through photoautotrophy like a plant
44
Age of PlanetAge of First Fossil
4. 6 BYA | 3. 5 BYA
45
Pansperma Hypothesis
Life came from space
46
Fossil vs Sub Fossil
Fossil: Organic Parts replaced by minerals | Sub Fossil, Still has high concentration of organic parts
47
Index Fossils
Fossils that can tell us things about other fossils (indicators)
48
Radiometric Dating
Measures the radioactive isotopes in fossils or rocks
49
Population
Localized group of individuals of the same species
50
Monophyletic
A complete group that all came from the same ancestor
51
Common Garden Experiment
Tests weather observed variation is due to heritable variation
52
Taxonomy Taxo= Nomos=
The practice of classifying organism = Arrange = Knowledge / science of
53
Maximum Likelihood
Rules about how DNA is most likely to change
54
Darwins 5 Observations about Natural Selection
1) There is variation among species 2) Species produce more offspring that can survive 3) Species are relatively stable 4) There is competition among species 5) Variation is Heritable
55
Genotype
A change in the genetic makeup that you cannot see, it is in the coding
56
Alfred Russel Wallace
Person who got darwin to publish his findings because he came to the same conclusion
57
Parsimony / Occam's Razor
Doing something in the least steps possibleusing fewest things to achieve a goal
58
Ingroup vs Outgroup
Ingroup is the taxa your are studying | the Outgroup is a related taxa that diverged a long time ago
59
Character vs State
A character is a type of structureState is the normal part of that character
60
Anagenesis
When a species diverges into one new species
61
Evolution
Descent with modification. Idea that living species came from ancestral ones that were different
62
Proximate Question
A question about mechanics not relating to evolution
63
Ultimate Question
A question about mechanics related to evolution
64
Induction
Type of logic in which generalizations are made based on a large number of specific outcomes
65
EtymologyEtmos =Logo=
The study of greek root words= True sense= Word
66
Stratigraphy
Temporal order in which fossils occurred
67
Cladogram
Branching diagram that shows the relatinoships of organisms based on derived characteristics. time is not a part of this graph
68
Senior Homyonym
Same name, different taxa
69
Senior Synonym
Different names, same taxa
70
ICZN
International Code of Zoological Nomenclature
71
Eight Taxonomic Levels
1) Domain 2) Kingdom 3) Phylum 4) Class 5) Order 6) Group 7) Family 8) Species
72
Polyphyletic | Poly =
Taxa that do not share recent ancestors | =share
73
4 Reproductive Methods of Prokaryotes
1) Conjugation 2) Transduction 3) Transformation 4) Binary Fission
74
5 Major Clades of Bacteria
1) Proteobacteria 2) Chlamydias 3) Spirochets 4) Gram+ Bacteria 5) Cynobacteria
75
Transduction
Transport of DNA between bacteria cell viruses - BacterophagesPhage = eat
76
Autamorphy
Character state found in only one taxa
77
ParaphyleticPara=
Group that does not contain all descendants of a common ancestor
78
Cladistics / Phylogenetic Systematics Clados = Phylo= Gen =
Arranging organisms using their shared derived characteristics = Branch = Tribe or Race = To create
79
Analogous / Homoplastic convergents
When character states appear the same but actually evolved independently
80
SynamorphySyn = Apo = Morph =
When two organisms are supported by a shared state = Together = Away from = Form

Biology 108 (18 decks)

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