Bio 108 - Lecture 11 Flashcards

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1
Q

Five Innovations of Seed Plants

A

1) Dependant Gametophyte
2) Heterospory
3) Ovules
4) Pollen
5) Seeds

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2
Q

Female Gametophytes

A
  • Develops via mitosis from the megaspore produced within megasporangium wrapped in integuments
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3
Q

Female Ovule + Parts

A

Outside layer = Integuments

Megasporangium (2n) surrounds the Megaspore (1n)

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4
Q

Angio =

A

Container

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5
Q

Male Gametophytes

A

1n Microspore retained inside of microsporangium

- Microspores go through mitosis to produce tiny 1n male gametophytes = pollen

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6
Q

What are pollen grains coated with?

A

Sporopollenin, making them tough

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7
Q

What do pollen if they reach and ovule?

A

Pollinate and then fertilize ovule

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8
Q

What’s Special about Orchids and Milkweed Pollen?

A

Produce larger clumps with 1000’s of grains

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9
Q

What Causes Pollen Allergies?

A

Proteins associated with sporopollenin coat

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10
Q

What does the male gametophyte of Non seed plants and seed plants do?

A

Non-Seed: Single celled sperm searches for egg, has to be in water.

Seed: Entire male gametophyte goes in the form of pollen

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11
Q

What is a seed?

A

A sporophyte embryo in gametophyte tissues in parent sporophyte wrapping

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12
Q

Dispersal stage vs Traveling stage

A

Dispersal stage is for seed plants,

Traveling stage is when the spore travels in non seed plants

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13
Q

Large Seeds vs Small Seeds

A

Large seeds with a lot of food can germinate and grow in low light
Small seeds with little food need lots of light to grow

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14
Q

Two main Clades of Seed Plants

A

1) Gymnosperms

2) Angiosperms

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15
Q

Gymnos =

Angio =

A
Gymnos = Naked
Angio = Vessel
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16
Q

Gymnosperms

A

Characterized by seed that is relatively Naked

- Normally in cones

17
Q

4 Phyla of Gymnosperms

A

1) Ginkgophyta
2) Gnetophyta
3) Cyacadophtta
4) Coniferophyta

18
Q

Phylum Ginkgophyta + Example

A

Only One species - Ginkgo Biloba

  • Common street tree
  • Flagellated sperm
19
Q

Ginkgophyta Sporohpyte

A
  • Large and woody
  • Seperate male and female
  • Only male trees planted in urban areas
20
Q

Economic Uses of Ginkgo Leaves

A
  • though to improve blood flow and improve memory
21
Q

Cyadophyta

A

130 Species, made up of small trees

Have flagellated sperm

22
Q

Sporophyte of Cyadophyta

A
  • Both male and female
  • Both have large cones
  • Females produce fleshy coated seeds
23
Q

2 Gymnosperms with flagellated sperm

A

1) Ginkgophyta

2) Cycadophyta

24
Q

Gnetophyta + 3 genera

A

1) Gnetum - 35 species (tropical)
2) Welwtschia - 1 species in africa
3) Ephedra (dessert 40 species)

25
Q

Economic Uses of Gnetophyta

A

Ephedrine causes lungs to dilate

- made into tea

26
Q

Coniferophyta + Examples

A
  • Most species rich phylum, 600 species
  • Named after their cones, which are clusters of sporophylls
  • All woody shrubs or trees
  • Needles or scale leaves
  • Most are evergreen
27
Q

Fer =

A

to bear

28
Q

What are Evergreens?

A
  • A coniferophyta that do not drop leaves in autumn
29
Q

Economic Uses of Coniferophyta

A
  • Most common softwood tree in NA

- Provide other useful materials

30
Q

Bark Beetles

A
  • Lay eggs in trees

- Also can bring in fungi

31
Q

What is Resin?

A
  • What trees use to pitch out beetles
  • Also called pitch
  • Fossilized resin = amber