Bio 108 - Lecture 11

Question 1

Five Innovations of Seed Plants

Answer 1

1) Dependant Gametophyte
2) Heterospory
3) Ovules
4) Pollen
5) Seeds

Question 2

Female Gametophytes

Answer 2

• Develops via mitosis from the megaspore produced within megasporangium wrapped in integuments

Question 3

Female Ovule + Parts

Answer 3

Outside layer = Integuments

Megasporangium (2n) surrounds the Megaspore (1n)

Question 4

Angio =

Answer 4

Container

Question 5

Male Gametophytes

Answer 5

1n Microspore retained inside of microsporangium

- Microspores go through mitosis to produce tiny 1n male gametophytes = pollen

Question 6

What are pollen grains coated with?

Answer 6

Sporopollenin, making them tough

Question 7

What do pollen if they reach and ovule?

Answer 7

Pollinate and then fertilize ovule

Question 8

What’s Special about Orchids and Milkweed Pollen?

Answer 8

Produce larger clumps with 1000’s of grains

Question 9

What Causes Pollen Allergies?

Answer 9

Proteins associated with sporopollenin coat

Question 10

What does the male gametophyte of Non seed plants and seed plants do?

Answer 10

Non-Seed: Single celled sperm searches for egg, has to be in water.

Seed: Entire male gametophyte goes in the form of pollen

Question 11

What is a seed?

Answer 11

A sporophyte embryo in gametophyte tissues in parent sporophyte wrapping

Question 12

Dispersal stage vs Traveling stage

Answer 12

Dispersal stage is for seed plants,

Traveling stage is when the spore travels in non seed plants

Question 13

Large Seeds vs Small Seeds

Answer 13

Large seeds with a lot of food can germinate and grow in low light
Small seeds with little food need lots of light to grow

Question 14

Two main Clades of Seed Plants

Answer 14

1) Gymnosperms

2) Angiosperms

Question 15

Gymnos =

Angio =

Answer 15

Gymnos = Naked
Angio = Vessel

Question 16

Gymnosperms

Answer 16

Characterized by seed that is relatively Naked

- Normally in cones

Question 17

4 Phyla of Gymnosperms

Answer 17

1) Ginkgophyta
2) Gnetophyta
3) Cyacadophtta
4) Coniferophyta

Question 18

Phylum Ginkgophyta + Example

Answer 18

Only One species - Ginkgo Biloba

• Common street tree
• Flagellated sperm

Question 19

Ginkgophyta Sporohpyte

Answer 19

• Large and woody
• Seperate male and female
• Only male trees planted in urban areas

Question 20

Economic Uses of Ginkgo Leaves

Answer 20

• though to improve blood flow and improve memory

Question 21

Cyadophyta

Answer 21

130 Species, made up of small trees

Have flagellated sperm

Question 22

Sporophyte of Cyadophyta

Answer 22

• Both male and female
• Both have large cones
• Females produce fleshy coated seeds

Question 23

2 Gymnosperms with flagellated sperm

Answer 23

1) Ginkgophyta

2) Cycadophyta

Question 24

Gnetophyta + 3 genera

Answer 24

1) Gnetum - 35 species (tropical)
2) Welwtschia - 1 species in africa
3) Ephedra (dessert 40 species)

Question 25

Economic Uses of Gnetophyta

Answer 25

Ephedrine causes lungs to dilate | - made into tea

Question 26

Coniferophyta + Examples

Answer 26

- Most species rich phylum, 600 species - Named after their cones, which are clusters of sporophylls - All woody shrubs or trees - Needles or scale leaves - Most are evergreen

Question 27

Fer =

Answer 27

to bear

Question 28

What are Evergreens?

Answer 28

- A coniferophyta that do not drop leaves in autumn

Question 29

Economic Uses of Coniferophyta

Answer 29

- Most common softwood tree in NA | - Provide other useful materials

Question 30

Bark Beetles

Answer 30

- Lay eggs in trees | - Also can bring in fungi

Question 31

What is Resin?

Answer 31

- What trees use to pitch out beetles - Also called pitch - Fossilized resin = amber