Benign conditions of the Large bowel Flashcards

1
Q

what are some less common diseases of the large bowel?

A

Colonic volvulus
Colonic angiodysplasia
Ischaemic colitis
Pseudo-obstruction

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2
Q

what is the most common endoscopically diagnosed disease in >50s?

A

diverticulitis disease

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3
Q

what is a diverticulum?

A

out-pouching of viscera through its coat

mucosa and organ pertrudes through muscle coat

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4
Q

where is diverticular disease most common?

A

sigmoid colon

as most affected by low fibre diet

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5
Q

what is the difference between diverticulosis and diverticulitis?

A

colonoscopy finding

inflammation of diverticular disease

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6
Q

how can diverticulosis be diagnosed?

A

barium enema

sigmoidoscopy

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7
Q

can the diverticulum be bigger than the actual lumen?

A

yes

risk as scope could go down wrong lumen rather than the true lumen

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8
Q

what are the clinical features of diverticulitis?

A

LIF pain/tenderness
septic (high RR/HR, fever)
altered bowel habit
may mirror appendicitis

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9
Q

what are the possible complications of diverticular disease?

A

pericolic abscess
performation (faeces in abdominal cavity, pain, “at deaths door”)
haemorrhage
fistula (communication between 2 epithelial surfaces - eg between colon and bladder = coloviscical fistula, colovaginal fistula)
stricture

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10
Q

what preceeds a fistula usually?

A

pericolonic abscess

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11
Q

how might a coloviscical fistula present?

A

recurrent UTI

passing bubbles when peeing (pneumaturia)

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12
Q

how might a colovaginal fistula present?

A

recurrent infections

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13
Q

apart from diverticular disease, what can cause colonic strictures?

A

chronic colitis

tumours

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14
Q

how is diverticulitis staged?

A

Hinchey classification
Stage 0 = clinically mild = oral antibiotics
Stage Ia = IV
Stage Ib = IV
Stage II = percutaneous drainage
Stage III = laparoscopic lavage/drainage
Stage IV = faecal peritonitis = primary resection

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15
Q

how is uncomplicated diverticulitis treated?

A

oral or no antibiotics

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16
Q

how is complex diverticulitis treated?

A

percutaneous drainage
Hartmanns procedure
Laparoscopic lavage and drainage
primary resection/anastamosis

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17
Q

what is colitis?

A

inflammation of the colon

18
Q

what are the most common causes of colitis?

A

infective colitis (campylobacter = gap year, E.coli)
ulcerative colitis
crohns colitis
ischaemic colitis

19
Q

what are the symptoms of colitis?

A
diarrhoea with blood
abdominal pain
dehydration
sepsis
chronic:
- weight loss
- anaemia
20
Q

what happens to haemoglobin levels in large blood loss?

A

stays the same

blood isn’t diluted just less of it so same concentration of Hb

21
Q

how is colitis diagnosed?

A
plain X ray
sigmoidoscopy + biopsy
stool culture
barium enema (not common)
show:
- featureless left colon (lead piping)
- thumb printing on right side = severe mucosal inflammation
22
Q

who tends to get C. Diff colitis?

A

if taking one of the 4 antibiotics of C diff

23
Q

how is ulcerative/crohns colitis treated?

A
IV fluids
IV steroids - once infective colitis ruled out
GI rest
If failure to settle in 4/5 days:
- rescue medical therapy
- surgery
24
Q

how can you tell if a patient has settled?

A

monitor stool habits

monitor vital signs (HR, inflammatory markers etc)

25
Q

what causes ischaemic colitis?

A
elderly
arteriopaths
acute/chronic occlusion
inferior mesenteric artery
vascular problem so same risks as CVD
26
Q

what is a watershed infarct?

A

grey areas between 3 arteries of supply to an organ

Commonest site of colitis in ischaemic colitis as not receiving immediate blood flow

27
Q

where does ulcerative colitis begin?

A

rectum

28
Q

where can crohns affect?

A

anywhere in GI tract

most commonly in terminal ileum

29
Q

what is colonic angiodysplasia?

A

submucosal lakes of blood, usually in right side of colon

obscure cause of rectal bleeding

30
Q

how is colonic angiodysplasia investigated?

A

angiography (usually CT)
colonoscopy
injection or surgical resection (rare)

31
Q

how is colonic angiography treated?

A

embolization
endoscopic ablation
surgical resection

32
Q

what can cause a large bowel obstruction?

A

volvulus (twisting of bowel on mesentery - common in sigmoid, can become gangrenous)
benign stricture
colorectal cancer

33
Q

how is large bowel obstruction treated?

A

rescusitate
operate
stenting

34
Q

how can you tell the small and large intestine apart?

A
small = more red
large = more whitish, has fatty appendages
35
Q

what are the signs of large bowel obstruction?

A
abdominal distension
complete constipation
abdominal pain
vomiting (faecal vomiting?)
order in which symptoms appear can help tell where obstruction is
36
Q

who is sigmoid volvulus common in? how is it treated?

A

elderly
constipated
surgical resection or flatus tube or possibly via coloscopy if unsuitable

37
Q

how is sigmoid volvulus diagnosed?

A

AXR

rectal contrast

38
Q

what is a pseudo-obstruction?

A

has all the signs and symptoms of complete obstruction but no actual obstruction
common in elderly/debilitated

39
Q

how are most cases of chronic constipation treated?

A

diet
laxatives
more rarely = motility disorders

40
Q

who is likely to get faecal impaction?

how is it treated?

A

elderly, bed ridden
people on strong analgesics
enemas, laxatives
manual evacuation