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Neurology > Basal Ganglia & Cerebellum > Flashcards

Basal Ganglia & Cerebellum Flashcards

1
Q

What is the major function of the cerebellum?

A

Co-ordination of movement

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2
Q

What area of the frontal lobe is associated with movement?

A

Posterior portion

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3
Q

What are the gyri of the cerebellum called?

A

Folia

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4
Q

What are the 3 lobes of the cerebellum?

A
  • anterior lobe
  • posterior lobe
  • floccululonodular lobe
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5
Q

What lies between anterior and posterior lobe of cerebellum?

A

Primary fissure

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6
Q

What part of the flocculonodular lobe sticks out like an ear?

A

Flocculus

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7
Q

The cerebellum is supra tentorial. True/false?

A

False - it’s infratentorial

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8
Q

How is the cerebellum attached to the brainstem (mostly the pons)?

A

3 peduncles - middle cerebellar peduncle is largest, superior and inferior smaller

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9
Q

What is the superior and inferior vermis?

A

ties around the middle of the cerebellum like a worm

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10
Q

What is the name of the deep grey matter embedded in the middle of the cerebellum?

A

Deep cerebellar nuclei

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11
Q

What is the order of the following grey matter layers in the cerebellar cortex? Purkinje cell layer, molecular layer, granule cell layer. And which is thinnest layer?

A

Outer: Molecular layer
Middle: Purkinje cell layer
Inner: Granule cell layer
-Purkinje thinnest

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12
Q

From what 3 structures does info arrive into the cerebellum?

A

Spinal cord,
Cerebral cortex,
Vestibular apparatus

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13
Q

What 2 receptors does info from the spinal cord to cerebellum come from?

A
  • somatic proprioceptors

- pressure receptors

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14
Q

What is the innermost layer of the CEREBELLAR cortex?

A

Granule cell layer

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15
Q

What cell layer of cerebellar cortex projects efferent axons?

A

Purkinje cell layer

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16
Q

What are Purkinje cells?

A

Neurons in cerebellar cortex that are inhibitory. Have lots of dendrites and send info to cerebellum and are involved in coordination and learning.

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17
Q

How does a patient with a spinocerebellum lesion present and explain why this is?

A

Disturbance of postural control but preserved limb co-ordination as this comes from pontocerebellum

18
Q

Describe presentation of patient with unilateral cerebellar hemispheric lesion.

A

Disturbance of limb co-ordination

19
Q

What side of the body will cerebellar hemispheric lesions present?

A

Ipsilateral side of lesion

20
Q

What effect does alcohol have on cerebellum?

A

bilateral cerebellar dysfunction - slowed, slurred speech, lack of limb coordination

21
Q

What are basal ganglia AKA basal nuceli?

A

5 grey matter masses which work with motor cortex to carry out movements

22
Q

What are 3 main functions of basal ganglia?

A
  • facilitate purposeful movement
  • inhibit unwanted movements
  • posture & muscle tone
23
Q

What are the 5 basal ganglia?

A
  • caudate nucleus
  • putamen
  • globus pallidus
  • subthalamic nucleus
  • substantia nigra
24
Q

What makes up the striatum?

A

Caudate nucleus and putamen

25
Q

What makes up the lenticular/lentiform nucleus?

A
  • putamen

- globus pallidus

26
Q

What makes up the corpus striatum?

A
  • caudate nucleus
  • putamen
  • globus pallidus
27
Q

Where is caudate nucleus?

A

begins on floor of lateral ventricle & follows shape of lateral ventricle to end up in roof of ventricle

28
Q

What separates the caudate nucleus from the lentiform nucleus?

A

internal capsule

29
Q

Where is substantia nigra?

A

two black lines along the midbrain

30
Q

What is the role of the dopaminic substantia nigra?

A

makes excitatory and inhibitory pathways in the brain much more effective (damaged in Parkinsons)

31
Q

Unilateral lesions of the basal ganglia affect the contralateral side of the body. True/false?

A

True

32
Q

What do basal ganglia lesions cause? (2)

A

changes in muscle tone,

dyskinesias e.g. tremor, chorea, myoclonus

33
Q

What is the name for a sinusoidal movement?

A

Tremor

34
Q

What are chorea?

A

rapid, asymmetrical movements usually affecting distal limb musculature (writhing)

35
Q

What are myoclonus?

A

Muscle jerks

36
Q

Lesions of the basal ganglia can cause paralysis, sensory loss, loss of power or ataxia. True/false?

A

False!!

37
Q

What is the pathology of Parkinsons disease?

A

Degeneration of dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra

38
Q

3 signs of Parkinsons?

A

akinesia,
rigidity,
resting tremor

39
Q

What is the inheritance pattern & pathology of Huntington’s disease?

A

autosomal dominant disorder,

progressive degeneration of the basal ganglia and cerebral cortex

40
Q

2 signs of Huntington’s disease?

A
  • chorea

- progressive dementia

41
Q

What pathway is the subthalamic nucleus involved in?

A

indirect pathway

42
Q

What is the difference between direct and indirect pathways in the basal ganglia?

A
  • Direct pathway facilitates movement (enhances wanted movements)
  • Indirect pathway inhibits movement

Neurology (34 decks)

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