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Neurology > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What are 2 components of CNS?

A
  • brain

- spinal cord

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2
Q

What 3 components make up the PNS?

A
  • spinal nerves
  • cranial nerves
  • autonomic nerves
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3
Q

What is the difference between a nucleus and a ganglion?

A

Nucleus is a collection of nerve cell bodies in the CNS

Ganglion is a collection of nerve cell bodies in the PNS

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4
Q

What is a multipolar neuron and where is its cell body?

A
  • has 2 or more dendrites

- cell body is in CNS

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5
Q

What is a unipolar neuron and where is its cell body?

A
  • single process comes from cell body that splits into dendrite and axon
  • cell body in PNS
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6
Q

What type of neurons are the motor neurones of skeletal muscle and autonomic nervous system?

A

Multipolar

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7
Q

What are unipolar neurons also known as in the body?

A

Sensory or pseudounipolar neurons

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8
Q

What is the difference between a tract and a nerve?

A
  • Tract is a collection of axons in the CNS

- Nerve is a collection of axons in the PNS

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9
Q

What are single modality and mixed modality nerves?

A

Single modality nerve has only one type of nerve axons in it e.g. parasympathetic only
Mixed modality nerves carry multiple types of axons

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10
Q

Most nerves are single modality nerves and tracts tend to consist of multiple modality nerves. True/false?

A

False.

Most nerves mixed modality and tracts are mostly single modality.

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11
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there and how many of these are cervical?

A
  • 31 pairs

- 8 cervical

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12
Q

At which point are the nerves that exit the spine actually only known as spinal nerves?

A

At the intervertebral foramen

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13
Q

Cervical spinal nerves C1-C8 are named according to the vertebrae sitting above them while the rest are named according to vertebrae below. True/false?

A

True

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14
Q

What parts of the body do the posterior and anterior rami supply?

A
  • Posterior rami supplies the posterior

- Anterior rami supplies the anterolateral

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15
Q

Which roots do sensory axons enter spinal cord and which roots do motor axons exit?

A
  • Sensory axons enter posterior (dorsal) roots, rootless and horn
  • Motor axons exit anterior horn, rootless and roots
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16
Q

Rami are single modality nerves. True/false?

A

False, they are mixed modality.

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17
Q

What is a dermatome?

A

Area of skin supplied with sensory innervation from single spinal nerve

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18
Q

What is a myotome?

A

Group of skeletal muscles supplied with moron

innervation from single spinal nerve

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19
Q

What do the nipple and umbilicus mark in terms of the dermatome map?

A
  • Nipple marks T4 segment

- Umbilicus marks T10 segment

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20
Q

What areas do C2-C4 innervate?

A

-posterior scalp, neck and shoulder

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21
Q

What spinal nerves innervated upper limb?

A

C5-T1

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22
Q

What spinal nerves innervate lower limb, gluteal region and perineum?

A

L2-Co1

23
Q

To have complete anaesthesia in dermatome innervation, how many spinal nerves need to be damaged?

A

At least 3. If only 1 damaged you’ll have reduced sensation. Need 3 because there is overlap of dermatomes

24
Q

What are axial lines in dermatome map on limbs?

A

Areas of no overlap of dermatomes (goes down middle of each limb)

25
Q

What branch of spinal nerves form nerve plexuses?

A

Anterior rami

26
Q

What are the spinal nerves forming cervical plexus?

A

C1-C4

27
Q

What are the spinal nerves forming brachial plexus?

A

C5-T1

28
Q

What are the spinal nerves forming lumbar plexus?

A

L1-L4

29
Q

What are the spinal nerves forming sacral plexus?

A

L5-S4

30
Q

What is the dorsal root ganglion?

A

It’s the ganglion in the dorsal root where cell bodies of sensory axons synapse

31
Q

What are 3 common typical features of cervical vertebrae?

A
  • Transverse foramen
  • bifid spinous process
  • triangular shaped foramen
32
Q

Vertebral arteries pass through C1-C7 transverse foramen. True/false?

A

False - pass through C1-C6, don’t pass through on C7, accessory veins tend to pass through on C7

33
Q

What 2 features does the atlas (C1) vertebra not have?

A
  • no body
  • no spinous process
  • has posterior and anterior arch instead
34
Q

What is the extra feature that the axis (C2) vertebra has?

A

Odontoid process

35
Q

What is atypical about C7? (2)

A
  • vertebrae prominens (has long spinous process)

- sometimes doesn’t have transverse foramen

36
Q

What are the two parts of the Atlanta-occipital synovial joints?

A
  • occipital condyles

- superior articulate facets

37
Q

What movements occur at the Atlanto-occipital joints?

A
  • flexion and extension of neck

- little lateral flexion and rotation

38
Q

What are the 3 articulations of the Atlanto-axial joint?

A
  • 2 between the inferior articular facets of atlas and superior articular facets of the axis
  • 1 between the anterior arch of the atlas and odontoid process of the axis
39
Q

What is the main movement of the Atlanto-axial joint?

A

Rotation

40
Q

How might the spinal cord escape without being damaged in instances of slight dislocation of cervical vertebrae?

A

Cervical vertebral canal is quite large

41
Q

What is Stage I in cervical vertebral dislocation?

A

Flexion sprain

42
Q

What is Stage II in cervical vertebral dislocation?

A

Anterior subluxation, 25% translation

43
Q

What is Stage III in cervical vertebral dislocation?

A

50% translation

44
Q

What is Stage IV in cervical vertebral dislocation?

A

Complete dislocation

45
Q

What does sacrum have instead of intervertebral foraminae for spinal nerves to pass through?

A

anterior and posterior sacral foraminae for anterior and posterior rami

46
Q

What is the sacral hiatus?

A

Opening at the end of the sacral canal

47
Q

What are the cauda equina made up of?

A

Nerve roots

48
Q

At what vertebral level does subarachnoid space end?

A

S2

49
Q

At what vertebral level should spinal and epidural anaesthetic be inserted?

A

L3/L4

50
Q

Why can you not perform a lumbar puncture in cases of raised ICP?

A

Because pressure change when removing CSF can cause a herniation in brain

51
Q

What is the order of layers spinal anaesthetic has to pass through from supraspinous ligament inwards?

A
  • supraspinous ligament
  • interspinous ligament
  • ligamentum flavum
  • epidural space
  • dura mater
  • arachnoid mater
  • subarachnoid space
52
Q

What is the name of the clinical condition in which the epidural venous plexus veins are damaged and what can this cause?

A
  • epidural haematoma

- can cause compression of the spinal cord or cauda equina

53
Q

Where is caudal anaesthesia injected into?

A

Into sacral hiatus

54
Q

What are 2 main uses of laminectomy?

A
  • access spinal cord

- relieve pressure on spinal cord/nerve roots

Neurology (34 decks)

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