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Balanz Exam Prep > Balanz Exam Anatomy > Flashcards

Balanz Exam Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Why do we learn anatomy and physiology

A

1-To understand the body structure
2-How the body works
3-Practice yoga in a safe way to avoid injuries

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2
Q

What is Anatomy

A

Study about the body structure and relationship between the different parts

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3
Q

What is physiology

A

Study on body function and how the body works

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4
Q

What are the organ systems

A

Organ systems
1-Circulatory (cardiovascular, lymphatic)
2-Respiratory (O2 and CO2)
3-Digestive (digestive tract and glands)
4-Urinary / Excretory (kidneys and urinary tracts)
4-Reproductive - uterus / testes
5-Muscular - (skeletal-, cardiac-, smooth muscles)
6-Skeletal (bones, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, fascia)
7-Endocrine (hormonal)
8-Lymphatic
9-Immunity
10-Integumentary (skin hair nails)
11-Nervous (central nervous system (CNS): brain and spinal cord, peripheral nervous system (PNS): nerves

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5
Q

What are anatomical position

A

Mountain pose
Comparing relative position of 2 body parts

1-Anterior - towards front of the body
2-Posterior-towards back of the body

3-Distal - refers to limbs towards the tips
4-Proximal-refers to limbs towards the root

5-Ventral - on the front of the body
6-Dorsal -on the back of the body

7-Lateral - away from the midline
8-Medial - towards the midline

9 Superficial - towards the body surface
10-Deep-inside the body

11-Superior - higher than or above the head (cranial)
12-Inferior - lower than or below the head (caudal)

13-Transverse - Horizontal, across the body
14-Longitudinal - vertically along the body

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6
Q

What are the different movements

A

Different movements

1-Flexion - decreasing / closing an angle / bending
2-Extension - increasing / opening an angle / extending

3-Abduction - moving away from the center line
4-Adduction - moving towards the center line

5-Circumduction - circular movement combines abduction, adduction, flexion, extension

6-Medial (internal rotation)
7-Lateral (external rotation

8-Pronation - rotation of forearm so palms face down
9-Eversion - rotation of ankle so sole points away from the other

10-Supination-rotation of forearm so palm faces up
11-Inversion - rotation of the ankle so the foot points towards the other

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7
Q

Anatomical Planes

A

It is similar to the position of the famous Vitruvian Man (or mountain pose)

1-A person standing upright, facing forward.
2-Arms straight and hands held by the hips, palms facing forward.
3-Feet parallel and toes pointing forward.

1- Saggital - flexion, extension, anterior, posterior movements

2-Transverse - rotation, pronation, supination

3-Frontal - abduction, adduction

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8
Q

What is bone and why is it important

A 
Bone is the main supporting tissue of the body
1-Support
2-Protection
3-Movement
4-Storage of nutrients / minerals
5-Production of blood
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9
Q

How does form and shape of bones reflect function

A

Form and shape reflect the function of the bone.
1-Long - leverage, support
2-Short - weight bearing
3-Flat - protection / place for broad muscles to attach

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10
Q

What is Cartilage

A

1-Cartilage is a resilient, smooth elastic tissue covering and protecting the ends of the long bones at joints

2-Found in ear, ribs, nose

3- Not as hard and rigid as bone. Stiffer and less flexible than muscle

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11
Q

What are the 3 types of cartilage

A

1-Hyaline cartilage (Low-friction, wear-resistant tissue present within joints or at the end of long bones, designed to bear and distribute weight)

2-Elastic cartilage -very flexible, present in ear, larynx and epiglottis

3-Fibro cartilage -tough and inflexible, found in the knee and between vertebrae

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12
Q

What is hyaline cartilage

A

Hyaline cartilage has a low coefficient of friction
1-Resists wear and tear
2-Somewhat elastic
3-Compressed slightly

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13
Q

What is a Tendon

A

Tendon connects muscle to a bone

Origin - usually the most proximal place where tendon connects the muscle to the bone

Insertion - usually the most distal place where the tendon connects the muscle to the bone

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14
Q

What is a Ligament

A

Ligaments connects bone to bone

Limit the range of movement

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15
Q

What is Fascia

A

Fascia is a thin matrix of tissue - found all over the body - contributor to our health, well being and flexibility

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16
Q

What is a Joint

A

A joint is a specialised region where bones are connected by soft tissues, allowing range of motion to be safe as possible. Their shape reflect their function

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17
Q

What is a highly moveable joint called

A

Synovial Joint

1-Wherever bones come into contact with one another They are covered by hyaline cartilage

2-The areas between the bone ends are bathes in synovial fluid. There is no blood supply

3-Synovial membrane surrounds the space, the outside of a fluid filled balloon

4-Thick strong membrane surrounds this, called the joint capsule

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18
Q

Examples of synovial joints

A 
1-Ball and socket (shoulder/hip)
2-Hinge (knee/elbow/finger)
3-Ellipsoid (radiocarpel)
4-Saddle (thumb)
5-Pivot(cervical vertebra 1-2)
6-Gliding (sacroiliac)
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19
Q

Agonists

A

A muscle that causes a movement

A muscle contracts to produce a certain action in a joint (muscle produces a movement against a load)

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20
Q

Agonists

A

1-A muscle that causes a movement

2-A muscle contracts to produce a certain action in a joint (muscle produces a movement against a load)

3- prime movers

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21
Q

Antagonist

A

1-A muscle that inhibits a movement

2-A muscle that relaxes while the agonist contracts - a muscle that opposes a movement against a load

3- Muscles that produce an opposing joint torque to the agonist muscles

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22
Q

What are the types of muscular contraction

A

Isotonic contraction
Concentric
Eccentric

Isometric contraction
No motion / movement (downward facing gog in holding phase)

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23
Q

what type of contraction is the downward facing dog in holding phase

A

Isometric contraction (no motion in the joint) - static

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24
Q

what type of contraction is the chaturanga

A

Isotonic contraction
1-motion at the joint
2-tension is constant
3-load does not change

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25
Q

Quadriceps - stretching from chair to standing

A

Against gravity

Concentric

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26
Q

Quadriceps lowering down into chair

A

With gravity

Eccentric

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27
Q

What is fascia

A

Fascia (latin) means band or bundle

1-Fascia is a soft tissue component of the connective tissue system
2-Surrounds and penetrates muscles, bones, organ, nerves and other structures in the body
3-Interconnected 3D web of tissue
4-Responsible for structural integrity, support, protection, shock absorption and sensory neurons
5-Essential for intercellular communication
6-Helps to guide the alignment of our blood vessels and nerves
7-It is the home for fat cells.

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28
Q

What are the 3 types of fascia

A

1-Superficial Fascia (lies just beneath the skin)

2-Deep Fascia (single 3D structure) envelops every muscle, organ connecting them all together and holding everything in place

3-Loose Fascia - intervening layer between deep and superficial fascia. Permits motion of slide and glide all over the body.

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29
Q

Locations on the body

A

Locations on the body:

Description of where structures lie in relation to certain landmarks

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30
Q

How many bones are there in the body

A

There are 206 named bones in the body.

31
Q

What 2 groups are bones divided in

A

They are divided in two groups:

1-Axial: 80 (e.g. skull, spine, ribcage)
2-Appendicular: 126 (e.g. limbs)

32
Q

What is muscle?

A

Bundle of fibrous tissue that has the ability to contract

1-Muscles make up 40- 50% of our body mass
2-30% of what we find in the muscle is fascia

33
Q

What are the different movements and muscle types?

A 
Muscles:
Skeletal: voluntary, movement
1-Isotonic: concentric or 
2-Isotonic: eccentric
3-Isometric

Cardiac:
1-involuntary, heart

Smooth:
1-involuntary, found in the walls of hollow organs and blood vessels

34
Q

What is Fascia

A

1-Everything is connected: it surrounds and penetrates all structures of the body extending from head to toe
2-Largest, richest sensory organ of the body
3-System of bio-mechanical regulation

35
Q

What are the Anatomical Planes

A

1- Sagittal plane – a vertical line which divides the body into a left section and a right section.

2- Coronal plane / frontal – a vertical line which divides the body into a front (anterior) section and back (posterior) section.

3-Transverse plane – a horizontal line which divides the body into an upper (superior) section and a lower (inferior) section.

36
Q

What is Inversion and Eversion

A

1-Inversion involves the movement of the sole towards the median plane – so that the sole faces in a medial direction.

2-Eversion involves the movement of the sole away from the median plane – so that the sole faces in a lateral direction.

37
Q

What is Opposition and Reposition

A

A pair of movements that are limited to humans and some great apes, these terms apply to the additional movements that the hand and thumb can perform in these species.

1-Opposition brings the thumb and little finger together.

2-Reposition is a movement that moves the thumb and the little finger away from each other, effectively reversing opposition.

38
Q

What is protraction and retraction

A

Protraction describes the anterolateral movement of the scapula on the thoracic wall that allows the shoulder to move anteriorly. In practice, this is the movement of ‘reaching out’ to something.

Retraction refers to the posteromedial movement of the scapula on the thoracic wall, which causes the shoulder region to move posteriorly i.e. picking something up.

39
Q

What are muscles named on and based on

A 
Muscle names are based on many factors
1 Location
2 Number of origins
3 Origin
4 Insertion
5 Shape
6 Size
7 Direction
8 Function
40
Q

What is location

A

Many muscles get their names from their anatomical region e.g. or after a part of a bone or combination of region and bone

Number of origins
(a muscle with 2 origins is a bicep), 3 origins, 4 origins is a quadriceps)

Shape
(deltoids have a delta / triangular shape)
Size
(maximus, medius, minimus)

Direction
Transverse abdominis, abdominal oblique, rectus abdominal

Function

41
Q

Where is the Sternocleidomastoid

A

Connecting

Sternum and clavicle to the mastoid of the skull

42
Q

What are the 4 joints of the shoulder girdle

A 
Shoulder has 4 joints
1 Glenohumeral 
2 Acromioclavicular (AC)
3 Sternoclavicular (SC)
4 Scapulothoracis
43
Q

What are the 4 bones of the shoulder girdle

A 
4 bones
1 Humerus
2 Scapula
3 Clavicle
4 Sternum
44
Q

What type of joint is the glenohumeral joint

A

Glenohumeral joint is a ball and socket (big range of motion)

45
Q

What are the different movements of the glenohumeral joint

A 
The different movements are
1  flexion
2 extension
3 abduction
4 adduction
5 circumduction
6 internal rotation
7 external rotation
46
Q

What type of movements has Deltoid

A

Deltoid has

1 flexion
2 abduction (deltoid the middle fibers)
3 adduction
4 interior rotation (deltoid anterior fibers)
5 external rotation (deltoid posterior fibers)

47
Q

What type of movements has biceps brachii

A

Biceps Brachii

1 flexion
2 abduction
3 adduction
4 external rotation
5 internal rotation
48
Q

What type of movements has Pectoralis major

A

Pectoralis major

1 flexion
2 adduction
3 internal rotation

49
Q

What type of movements has Coracobrachialis

A

Coracobrachialis
1 flexion
2 abduction

50
Q

What type of movements has Latissimus dorsi

A 
Latissimus dorsi
1 extension
2 adduction
3 abduction
4 internal rotation
51
Q

What type of movements has Teres major

A

Teres major

1 extension
2 adduction
3 internal rotation
4 external rotation

52
Q

What type of movements has Supraspinatus

A

Supraspinatus

one of the 4 muscles that make up the rotator cuff
1 abduction
2 internal rotation

53
Q

What are the 4 muscles that make up the rotator cuff

A 
Muscles of the rotator cuff - SITS
1 Supraspinatus 
2 Infraspinatus
3 Teres minro
4 Subscapularis
54
Q

What are the 6 basic movements of the scapula

A 
6 basic movements
1 Protraction (abduction)
2 Retraction (adduction)
3 Elevation
4 Depression
5 Upward rotation
6 Downward rotation
55
Q

What are the 6 muscles of the scapula movement

A 
6 muscles are: TSRRPL
1 Trapezius (upper, middle, lower fibers)
2 Serratus anterior
3 Rhomboids (major)
4 Rhomboids (minor)
5 Pectoralis minor
6 Levator scapulae
56
Q

What is the pelvic girdle

A

The pelvic girdle connects the trunk to the legs

57
Q

What structures belong to the pelvic girdle

A

1 iiliac bones

2 sacroiliac joint (SI joint) where the ilium connects to the sacrum

3 femur (thigh bone)

4 hip joint ( articulation of the pelvis (socket) with the femur (ball)

58
Q

What is the SI joints

A

The sacroiliac joints (SI) are synovial joints

between sacrum bone and illium

Connect the lower extremity to the spine

59
Q

What are the movements of the SI joints

A

the movements of the SI joints

1 Anterior tilt
2 Posterior tilt
3 Nutation
4 Counter nutation

Connect the lower extremity to the spine, and the movements are very much connected to the spine.

60
Q

What is the hip joint and labrum

A

Hip is a ball and socket (pelvis & humur)

labrum - cartilage ring that keeps the ball in the socket
over the labrum is a spiral of 3 ligaments

61
Q

What are the movements of the hip joints and muscle groups

A

movements and muscles

1 Flexion - flexors
2 Extension - extensors
3 Abduction - abductors
4 Adduction - adductors
5 Internal rotation - internal rotators
6 External rotation - external rotators
62
Q

What are the 2 main hip flexors

A

The 2 main hip flexors are :

1 psoas (illopsoas)
2 rectus femoris (quadricep muscle that begins at the front of the hip joint)
63
Q

What is the psoas

A

The psoas is a deep-seated core muscle connecting the lumbar vertebrae to the femur.

The psoas major is the biggest and strongest player in a group of muscles called the hip flexors:

64
Q

What area of the hip does the mula and uddiyana lock

A

psoas muscle

65
Q

When the psoas muscle is shortened what happens

A

1 pulls femur into the socket (limit mobility of hip) and tightens lateral rotators
2 causes abdominal muscles to tighten
3 causes compression of the lumbar spine

66
Q

What is the Rectus Femoris

A

A muscle in the quadriceps,

the rectus femoris muscle is attached to the hip and helps to extend or raise the knee.

This muscle is also used to flex the thigh. The rectus femoris is the only muscle that can flex the hip.

67
Q

What are the hip extensors

A

Gluteus maximus
The gluteus maximus (also known collectively with the gluteus medius and minimus, as the gluteal muscles (“glutes”) is the main extensor muscle of the hip.

68
Q

What are the hamstrings

A

The hamstrings are a group of muscles and their tendons at the rear of the upper leg.

They include the

1 biceps femoris
2 semitendinosus
3 semimembranosus.

The hamstrings flex the knee joint, adduct the leg, and extend the thigh to the backside of the body.

They are used in walking and running.

69
Q

What are the abductors of the hips

A

The hip abductor muscles include the
1 gluteus medius,
2 gluteus minimus,
4 tensor fasciae latae (TFL).

They not only move the leg away from the body, they also help rotate the leg at the hip joint.

70
Q

What are the adductors of the hips

A

The muscles in the medial compartment of the thigh are collectively known as the hip adductors. Used in the tree pose

71
Q

What are the internal rotators

A

Internal rotators:
Gluteus medius
Gluteus minimus
TFL (tensor fascia lata)

72
Q

What are the external rotators

A

6 muscles
1 Piriformis,

These muscles are short thick and strong
Responsible for the stability of the pelvis

2 gemellus superior, 
3 obturator internus, 
4 gemellus inferior, 
5 quadratus femoris 
6 obturator externus.
73
Q

What is the piriformis

A

A muscle that runs from the sacrum to the femur

A muscle in the gluteal region of the lower limbs.
It is one of the six muscles in the lateral rotator group.

74
Q

c

A

Piriformis syndrome is a condition in which the piriformis muscle, located in the buttock region, spasms and causes buttock pain.

The piriformis muscle can also irritate the nearby sciatic nerve and cause pain, numbness and tingling along the back of the leg and into the foot (similar to sciatic pain).

Balanz Exam Prep (42 decks)

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