Balanz Exam Anatomy Flashcards
Why do we learn anatomy and physiology
1-To understand the body structure
2-How the body works
3-Practice yoga in a safe way to avoid injuries
What is Anatomy
Study about the body structure and relationship between the different parts
What is physiology
Study on body function and how the body works
What are the organ systems
Organ systems
1-Circulatory (cardiovascular, lymphatic)
2-Respiratory (O2 and CO2)
3-Digestive (digestive tract and glands)
4-Urinary / Excretory (kidneys and urinary tracts)
4-Reproductive - uterus / testes
5-Muscular - (skeletal-, cardiac-, smooth muscles)
6-Skeletal (bones, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, fascia)
7-Endocrine (hormonal)
8-Lymphatic
9-Immunity
10-Integumentary (skin hair nails)
11-Nervous (central nervous system (CNS): brain and spinal cord, peripheral nervous system (PNS): nerves
What are anatomical position
Mountain pose
Comparing relative position of 2 body parts
1-Anterior - towards front of the body
2-Posterior-towards back of the body
3-Distal - refers to limbs towards the tips
4-Proximal-refers to limbs towards the root
5-Ventral - on the front of the body
6-Dorsal -on the back of the body
7-Lateral - away from the midline
8-Medial - towards the midline
9 Superficial - towards the body surface
10-Deep-inside the body
11-Superior - higher than or above the head (cranial)
12-Inferior - lower than or below the head (caudal)
13-Transverse - Horizontal, across the body
14-Longitudinal - vertically along the body
What are the different movements
Different movements
1-Flexion - decreasing / closing an angle / bending
2-Extension - increasing / opening an angle / extending
3-Abduction - moving away from the center line
4-Adduction - moving towards the center line
5-Circumduction - circular movement combines abduction, adduction, flexion, extension
6-Medial (internal rotation)
7-Lateral (external rotation
8-Pronation - rotation of forearm so palms face down
9-Eversion - rotation of ankle so sole points away from the other
10-Supination-rotation of forearm so palm faces up
11-Inversion - rotation of the ankle so the foot points towards the other
Anatomical Planes
It is similar to the position of the famous Vitruvian Man (or mountain pose)
1-A person standing upright, facing forward.
2-Arms straight and hands held by the hips, palms facing forward.
3-Feet parallel and toes pointing forward.
1- Saggital - flexion, extension, anterior, posterior movements
2-Transverse - rotation, pronation, supination
3-Frontal - abduction, adduction
What is bone and why is it important
Bone is the main supporting tissue of the body 1-Support 2-Protection 3-Movement 4-Storage of nutrients / minerals 5-Production of blood
How does form and shape of bones reflect function
Form and shape reflect the function of the bone.
1-Long - leverage, support
2-Short - weight bearing
3-Flat - protection / place for broad muscles to attach
What is Cartilage
1-Cartilage is a resilient, smooth elastic tissue covering and protecting the ends of the long bones at joints
2-Found in ear, ribs, nose
3- Not as hard and rigid as bone. Stiffer and less flexible than muscle
What are the 3 types of cartilage
1-Hyaline cartilage (Low-friction, wear-resistant tissue present within joints or at the end of long bones, designed to bear and distribute weight)
2-Elastic cartilage -very flexible, present in ear, larynx and epiglottis
3-Fibro cartilage -tough and inflexible, found in the knee and between vertebrae
What is hyaline cartilage
Hyaline cartilage has a low coefficient of friction
1-Resists wear and tear
2-Somewhat elastic
3-Compressed slightly
What is a Tendon
Tendon connects muscle to a bone
Origin - usually the most proximal place where tendon connects the muscle to the bone
Insertion - usually the most distal place where the tendon connects the muscle to the bone
What is a Ligament
Ligaments connects bone to bone
Limit the range of movement
What is Fascia
Fascia is a thin matrix of tissue - found all over the body - contributor to our health, well being and flexibility
What is a Joint
A joint is a specialised region where bones are connected by soft tissues, allowing range of motion to be safe as possible. Their shape reflect their function
What is a highly moveable joint called
Synovial Joint
1-Wherever bones come into contact with one another They are covered by hyaline cartilage
2-The areas between the bone ends are bathes in synovial fluid. There is no blood supply
3-Synovial membrane surrounds the space, the outside of a fluid filled balloon
4-Thick strong membrane surrounds this, called the joint capsule
Examples of synovial joints
1-Ball and socket (shoulder/hip) 2-Hinge (knee/elbow/finger) 3-Ellipsoid (radiocarpel) 4-Saddle (thumb) 5-Pivot(cervical vertebra 1-2) 6-Gliding (sacroiliac)
Agonists
A muscle that causes a movement
A muscle contracts to produce a certain action in a joint (muscle produces a movement against a load)
Agonists
1-A muscle that causes a movement
2-A muscle contracts to produce a certain action in a joint (muscle produces a movement against a load)
3- prime movers
Antagonist
1-A muscle that inhibits a movement
2-A muscle that relaxes while the agonist contracts - a muscle that opposes a movement against a load
3- Muscles that produce an opposing joint torque to the agonist muscles
What are the types of muscular contraction
Isotonic contraction
Concentric
Eccentric
Isometric contraction
No motion / movement (downward facing gog in holding phase)
what type of contraction is the downward facing dog in holding phase
Isometric contraction (no motion in the joint) - static
what type of contraction is the chaturanga
Isotonic contraction
1-motion at the joint
2-tension is constant
3-load does not change
Quadriceps - stretching from chair to standing
Against gravity
Concentric
Quadriceps lowering down into chair
With gravity
Eccentric
What is fascia
Fascia (latin) means band or bundle
1-Fascia is a soft tissue component of the connective tissue system
2-Surrounds and penetrates muscles, bones, organ, nerves and other structures in the body
3-Interconnected 3D web of tissue
4-Responsible for structural integrity, support, protection, shock absorption and sensory neurons
5-Essential for intercellular communication
6-Helps to guide the alignment of our blood vessels and nerves
7-It is the home for fat cells.
What are the 3 types of fascia
1-Superficial Fascia (lies just beneath the skin)
2-Deep Fascia (single 3D structure) envelops every muscle, organ connecting them all together and holding everything in place
3-Loose Fascia - intervening layer between deep and superficial fascia. Permits motion of slide and glide all over the body.
Locations on the body
Locations on the body:
Description of where structures lie in relation to certain landmarks
How many bones are there in the body
There are 206 named bones in the body.
What 2 groups are bones divided in
They are divided in two groups:
1-Axial: 80 (e.g. skull, spine, ribcage)
2-Appendicular: 126 (e.g. limbs)
What is muscle?
Bundle of fibrous tissue that has the ability to contract
1-Muscles make up 40- 50% of our body mass
2-30% of what we find in the muscle is fascia
What are the different movements and muscle types?
Muscles: Skeletal: voluntary, movement 1-Isotonic: concentric or 2-Isotonic: eccentric 3-Isometric
Cardiac:
1-involuntary, heart
Smooth:
1-involuntary, found in the walls of hollow organs and blood vessels
What is Fascia
1-Everything is connected: it surrounds and penetrates all structures of the body extending from head to toe
2-Largest, richest sensory organ of the body
3-System of bio-mechanical regulation
What are the Anatomical Planes
1- Sagittal plane – a vertical line which divides the body into a left section and a right section.
2- Coronal plane / frontal – a vertical line which divides the body into a front (anterior) section and back (posterior) section.
3-Transverse plane – a horizontal line which divides the body into an upper (superior) section and a lower (inferior) section.
What is Inversion and Eversion
1-Inversion involves the movement of the sole towards the median plane – so that the sole faces in a medial direction.
2-Eversion involves the movement of the sole away from the median plane – so that the sole faces in a lateral direction.
What is Opposition and Reposition
A pair of movements that are limited to humans and some great apes, these terms apply to the additional movements that the hand and thumb can perform in these species.
1-Opposition brings the thumb and little finger together.
2-Reposition is a movement that moves the thumb and the little finger away from each other, effectively reversing opposition.
What is protraction and retraction
Protraction describes the anterolateral movement of the scapula on the thoracic wall that allows the shoulder to move anteriorly. In practice, this is the movement of ‘reaching out’ to something.
Retraction refers to the posteromedial movement of the scapula on the thoracic wall, which causes the shoulder region to move posteriorly i.e. picking something up.
What are muscles named on and based on
Muscle names are based on many factors 1 Location 2 Number of origins 3 Origin 4 Insertion 5 Shape 6 Size 7 Direction 8 Function
What is location
Many muscles get their names from their anatomical region e.g. or after a part of a bone or combination of region and bone
Number of origins
(a muscle with 2 origins is a bicep), 3 origins, 4 origins is a quadriceps)
Shape
(deltoids have a delta / triangular shape)
Size
(maximus, medius, minimus)
Direction
Transverse abdominis, abdominal oblique, rectus abdominal
Function
Where is the Sternocleidomastoid
Connecting
Sternum and clavicle to the mastoid of the skull
What are the 4 joints of the shoulder girdle
Shoulder has 4 joints 1 Glenohumeral 2 Acromioclavicular (AC) 3 Sternoclavicular (SC) 4 Scapulothoracis
What are the 4 bones of the shoulder girdle
4 bones 1 Humerus 2 Scapula 3 Clavicle 4 Sternum
What type of joint is the glenohumeral joint
Glenohumeral joint is a ball and socket (big range of motion)
What are the different movements of the glenohumeral joint
The different movements are 1 flexion 2 extension 3 abduction 4 adduction 5 circumduction 6 internal rotation 7 external rotation
What type of movements has Deltoid
Deltoid has
1 flexion
2 abduction (deltoid the middle fibers)
3 adduction
4 interior rotation (deltoid anterior fibers)
5 external rotation (deltoid posterior fibers)
What type of movements has biceps brachii
Biceps Brachii
1 flexion 2 abduction 3 adduction 4 external rotation 5 internal rotation
What type of movements has Pectoralis major
Pectoralis major
1 flexion
2 adduction
3 internal rotation
What type of movements has Coracobrachialis
Coracobrachialis
1 flexion
2 abduction
What type of movements has Latissimus dorsi
Latissimus dorsi 1 extension 2 adduction 3 abduction 4 internal rotation
What type of movements has Teres major
Teres major
1 extension
2 adduction
3 internal rotation
4 external rotation
What type of movements has Supraspinatus
Supraspinatus
one of the 4 muscles that make up the rotator cuff
1 abduction
2 internal rotation
What are the 4 muscles that make up the rotator cuff
Muscles of the rotator cuff - SITS 1 Supraspinatus 2 Infraspinatus 3 Teres minro 4 Subscapularis
What are the 6 basic movements of the scapula
6 basic movements 1 Protraction (abduction) 2 Retraction (adduction) 3 Elevation 4 Depression 5 Upward rotation 6 Downward rotation
What are the 6 muscles of the scapula movement
6 muscles are: TSRRPL 1 Trapezius (upper, middle, lower fibers) 2 Serratus anterior 3 Rhomboids (major) 4 Rhomboids (minor) 5 Pectoralis minor 6 Levator scapulae
What is the pelvic girdle
The pelvic girdle connects the trunk to the legs
What structures belong to the pelvic girdle
1 iiliac bones
2 sacroiliac joint (SI joint) where the ilium connects to the sacrum
3 femur (thigh bone)
4 hip joint ( articulation of the pelvis (socket) with the femur (ball)
What is the SI joints
The sacroiliac joints (SI) are synovial joints
between sacrum bone and illium
Connect the lower extremity to the spine
What are the movements of the SI joints
the movements of the SI joints
1 Anterior tilt
2 Posterior tilt
3 Nutation
4 Counter nutation
Connect the lower extremity to the spine, and the movements are very much connected to the spine.
What is the hip joint and labrum
Hip is a ball and socket (pelvis & humur)
labrum - cartilage ring that keeps the ball in the socket
over the labrum is a spiral of 3 ligaments
What are the movements of the hip joints and muscle groups
movements and muscles
1 Flexion - flexors 2 Extension - extensors 3 Abduction - abductors 4 Adduction - adductors 5 Internal rotation - internal rotators 6 External rotation - external rotators
What are the 2 main hip flexors
The 2 main hip flexors are :
1 psoas (illopsoas) 2 rectus femoris (quadricep muscle that begins at the front of the hip joint)
What is the psoas
The psoas is a deep-seated core muscle connecting the lumbar vertebrae to the femur.
The psoas major is the biggest and strongest player in a group of muscles called the hip flexors:
What area of the hip does the mula and uddiyana lock
psoas muscle
When the psoas muscle is shortened what happens
1 pulls femur into the socket (limit mobility of hip) and tightens lateral rotators
2 causes abdominal muscles to tighten
3 causes compression of the lumbar spine
What is the Rectus Femoris
A muscle in the quadriceps,
the rectus femoris muscle is attached to the hip and helps to extend or raise the knee.
This muscle is also used to flex the thigh. The rectus femoris is the only muscle that can flex the hip.
What are the hip extensors
Gluteus maximus
The gluteus maximus (also known collectively with the gluteus medius and minimus, as the gluteal muscles (“glutes”) is the main extensor muscle of the hip.
What are the hamstrings
The hamstrings are a group of muscles and their tendons at the rear of the upper leg.
They include the
1 biceps femoris
2 semitendinosus
3 semimembranosus.
The hamstrings flex the knee joint, adduct the leg, and extend the thigh to the backside of the body.
They are used in walking and running.
What are the abductors of the hips
The hip abductor muscles include the
1 gluteus medius,
2 gluteus minimus,
4 tensor fasciae latae (TFL).
They not only move the leg away from the body, they also help rotate the leg at the hip joint.
What are the adductors of the hips
The muscles in the medial compartment of the thigh are collectively known as the hip adductors. Used in the tree pose
What are the internal rotators
Internal rotators:
Gluteus medius
Gluteus minimus
TFL (tensor fascia lata)
What are the external rotators
6 muscles
1 Piriformis,
These muscles are short thick and strong
Responsible for the stability of the pelvis
2 gemellus superior, 3 obturator internus, 4 gemellus inferior, 5 quadratus femoris 6 obturator externus.
What is the piriformis
A muscle that runs from the sacrum to the femur
A muscle in the gluteal region of the lower limbs.
It is one of the six muscles in the lateral rotator group.
c
Piriformis syndrome is a condition in which the piriformis muscle, located in the buttock region, spasms and causes buttock pain.
The piriformis muscle can also irritate the nearby sciatic nerve and cause pain, numbness and tingling along the back of the leg and into the foot (similar to sciatic pain).
