Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Bacteriology > bacterial genetics > Flashcards

bacterial genetics Flashcards

1
Q

genome

A

genetic info in a cell, DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

how may chromosomes do most bacteria have?

A

one

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is a gene?

A

segments of DNA that code for functional products

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are genomics?

A

sequence and molecular characterization of genome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what makes up a nucleotide?

A
  • sugar
  • base
  • phosphate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what makes up a nucleoside?

A

sugar and base

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what nitrogen bases are pyrimidine bases?

A

CTU

-cytosine, thymine, uracil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what nitrogen bases are purine bases?

A

AG

-adenine, guanine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what type of bonds hold nucleic acid pairs together?

A

hydrogen bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

how many bonds hold G and C together?

A

3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

how many bonds hold A and T (U) together?

A

2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

which is more stable, GC or AT bonds?

A

GC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is the primary structure of nucleic acids?

A

the sequence of the nucleotides in DNA or RNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what are the secondary structures of nucleic acids?

A

intrastrand base pairing, observed in rRNA or tRNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

is RNA single or double stranded?

A

singe stranded

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are the three types of RNA?

A

mRNA, tRNA, rRNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is mRNA?

A

single-stranded and complementary to DNA (transcription)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is tRNA?

A

translate genetic info

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is rRNA?

A

components of ribosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is denaturation (melting) of DNA?

A

separation of strands with breakage of H2 bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is annealing of DNA?

A

coming together of two strands with formation of H2 bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is hybridization of DNA?

A

formation of ds by complementary base pairings of two ss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is DNA supercoiling?

A
  • twisting of ds DNA
  • allows packaging of strands of DNA in a cell
  • neg or pos direction
  • NEG is more common
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what are topoisomerases?

A

-cause DNA to relax or supercoil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
what does the topoisomerase, DNA gyrase do?
introduces negative strands
26
what does topoisomerase I do?
removes supercoiling
27
what does topoisomerase IV do?
unlinks the two circular molecules of DNA during replication
28
what are plasmids?
small molecules of DNA that replicate independent of the chromosome
29
what is the copy number of plasmids?
number of plasmids per cell
30
what is curing of plasmids?
loss of elimination of plasmids
31
what are the functions of plasmids?
carry gene codes for: - antibiotic resistance - virulence factors - chemical resistance - sex pili - enzymes for environmental contamination
32
what are transposons?
transposable genetic elements or jumping genes
33
what do transposons do?
they are segments of DNA that can move from one site to another site on the same chromosome -contain info for transposition (removal and instertion)
34
what cells have transposons?
prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells | -plays a role in genetic variation
35
what are the two types of transposons?
- insertion sequences: IS1, IS2, etc, contain a gene that codes for transposase - transposons: Tn1, Tn2, etc, these are larger
36
T/F: transposons with antibiotic resistance can move resistance to other bacteria?
true
37
what are bacteriophages?
viruses that infect bacteria
38
what are the two types of baceriophages?
-lytic or lysogenic(temperate)
39
what is bactriophage immunity?
presence of prophage prevents infection by the same phage
40
what is phage conversion?
presence of prophage confers new properties
41
what is phage therapy?
the therapeutic use of lytic bacteriophages to treat bacterial infections
42
lytic phages are similar to what?
antibiotics
43
what is a mutation?
change in nucleotide base sequence that is inherited
44
what is genetic recomination?
genes from two different genomes are brought together
45
which brings about a larger change, mutation or recombination?
recombination
46
define horizontal gene transfer
from a donor cell to a recipient cell
47
define vertical gene transfer
mother to daughter cell
48
define mutant
an organism that carries mutation
49
define wild type strain
parental strain that existed in nature
50
define genotype desgnation
italicized gene encodes for a protein (?)
51
define phenotype designation
His+ or His-
52
what can cause spontaneous mutation?
- exposure to natural factors (oxygen radicals, etc) | - errors in base pairing during replication
53
what is point mutation?
change in one base pair - the phenotypic change depends on where the mutation occurs
54
what is a silent point mutation?
no phenotypic change
55
what is nonsense point mutation?
termination of protein synthesis
56
what is missense point mutation?
coding a different amino acid
57
what is a frameshift mutation?
insertion or deletion of a base pair results in reading frame shift
58
what is transposon mutagenesis?
mutation due to insertion of transposon (insertion sequence)
59
what is site directed mutagenesis?
mutation at a specific site or gee
60
what is genetic recombination?
physical exchange of genes between genetic elements
61
what are the three mechanisms of genetic recombination?
- transformation - transduction - conjugation
62
define transformation as a mechanism of genetic recombination
incorporation of free DNA into a recipient cell
63
a bacterium capable of being transformed is called what?
competent
64
define transduction as a mechanism of genetic recombination
DNA transfer is mediated by bacteriophage
65
what are the two methods of transduction
- generalized transduction | - specialized transduction
66
what is generalized transduction?
DNA from any portion of the host genome is transferred
67
what is specialized transduction
DNA from specific region of the host genome is transferred
68
what is conjugation as a mechanism of genetic recombination
DNA transfer is mediated by a cell to cell contact | -mediated by a conjugative plasmid from the donor cell

Bacteriology (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions