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Bacteriology > bact/host interactions > Flashcards

bact/host interactions Flashcards

1
Q

what is mutualism or symbiosis?

A

bacteria and host are benefited

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2
Q

what is commensalism

A

bacteria are benefited and the host is ‘unaffected’

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3
Q

what is parasitism

A

bacteria are benefited and the host is harmed

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4
Q

what is another name fore normal flora?

A

commensals

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5
Q

where are commensals located?

A

skin and mucous membranes

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6
Q

what is bacterial antagonism

A

where bacteria compete for attachment, nutrients and produce substances that inhibit

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7
Q

what are probiotics

A

beneficial bacteria

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8
Q

the use of probiotics enables what ?

A

competitive exclusion

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9
Q

what is a pathogen

A

any disease-causing microorganism

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10
Q

what is etiology?

A

the cause of the disease

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11
Q

what is pathogenesis

A

the process of disease development

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12
Q

what is pathogenicity

A

capacity of an organism to cause the disease

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13
Q

what is virulence

A

relative pathogenicity

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14
Q

what is attenuation

A

reduction in virulence

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15
Q

what is invasiveness

A

ability to enter, establish and spread in the body

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16
Q

what are Koch’s (4) postulates

A
  1. pathogen must be present in every case of the disease
  2. pathogen must be isolated from the infected host and grown in pure culture
  3. pathogen must cause the disease when inoculated into another host
  4. pathogen must be recovered from the inoculated host
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17
Q

are there exceptions to Koch’s postulates?

A

yes

-e.g. more than one bacteria cause one disease (V/v), polymicrobial infections, etc

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18
Q

what is an opportunistic pathogen?

A

causes disease only when conditions are favorable

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19
Q

what is a primary pathogen?

A

causes disease on its own

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20
Q

what is a secondary pathogen?

A

follows a primary pathogen, on its own it may or may not cause the disease

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21
Q

what is an extracellular pathogen?

A

grows and multiplies in the space and fluid surrounding the cells

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22
Q

what are intracellular pathogens

A

grows and multiplies inside the cells

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23
Q

what are the two types of intracellular pathogens

A

facultative and obligate

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24
Q

what are facultative intracellular pathogens?

A

grows and multiplies inside cells and outside cells

-can be cultured in bacteriological media

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25
Q

what are obligate intracellular pathogens

A

grows and multiplies only inside cells

-can be cultured in the lab in tissue culture media

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26
Q

define infection

A

invasion or colonization by a pathogen

-may or may not result in disease

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27
Q

define disease

A

change from a state of health

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28
Q

what is an infectious disease?

A

caused by a microorganism

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29
Q

what is a contagious disease?

A

spread by contact

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30
Q

what is a primary infection?

A

infection in a previously healthy host

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31
Q

what is a secondary infection?

A

occurs along with or immediately following an infection

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32
Q

what is an exogenous infection?

A

bacteria originate from outside the animal

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33
Q

what is an endogenous infection?

A

bacteria originate from within the animal

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34
Q

what is a latent infection?

A

pathogen remains inactive till the conditions become favorable to cause an infection

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35
Q

what is a zoonotic infection?

A

an animal infection or disease that is transmitted to humans

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36
Q

what is a nosocomial infection

A

an infection acquired in a hospital

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37
Q

define sporadic disease

A

occurs occasionally

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38
Q

define endemic disease

A

consistently present in a population

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39
Q

define epidemic disease

A

occurs in a large number of individuals in a population

40
Q

define pandemic disease

A

occurs worldwide

41
Q

define acute duration of disease

A

rapid onset, usually severe, and last for a short period of time

42
Q

define peracute duration of disease

A

higher degree of acute disease

43
Q

define chronic duration of disease

A

slow onset, less severe, and lasts longer

44
Q

define subacute or subclinical duration of disease

A

mild with no overt signs or symptoms

45
Q

define localized in terms of extent of host involvment

A

confined to a relatively small area

46
Q

define generalized or systemic in terms of extent of host involvment

A

spreads throughout the body, spread is because bacteria enter the lymph or blood circulation

47
Q

define bacteremia in terms of extent of host involvment

A

bacteria circulating in the blood

48
Q

define septicemia in terms of extent of host involvment

A

bacteria multiplying in the blood (sepsis)

49
Q

define toxemia in terms of extent of host involvment

A

toxin is circulating in the blood

50
Q

define focal infection in terms of extent of host involvment

A

bacteria from a local infection enter lymph or blood to set up local infection in other parts of the body

51
Q

define incubation period

A

interval between the entry and the appearance of first symptoms or signs (days to weeks to months)

52
Q

define illness

A

signs and symptoms are evident

53
Q

define symptoms

A

effects of the disease experienced by the patient (pain, nausea, etc)

54
Q

define signs

A

effects of the disease observed by examining the patient (fever, swelling, etc)
**measurable

55
Q

define convalescence

A

period of recovery

56
Q

what are predisposing factors?

A

factors that make the animal more susceptible to infection

-nutrition, age, stress, etc

57
Q

define adhesion

A

process of adherence

58
Q

define adhesins or ligands

A

structures on the bacteria, generally proteins, that mediate adhesion
-found on flagella, fimbrae, outer membrane, capsule

59
Q

define receptors

A

structures, generally glycoproteins, on animal calls that mediate attachment

60
Q

what is colonization?

A

growth after attachment

61
Q

what is invasion?

A

internal spread beyond the site of entry

62
Q

what is a prerequisite for infection?

A

colonization

63
Q

what is quorum sensing?

A

cell to cell communication to control cell density

-mediated by secretion of small molecules

64
Q

what are virulence factors?

A

structures or substances produced by bacterial that help establish the pathogen to cause the disease
-attachment factors, enzymes, toxins

65
Q

what do hyaluronidases do?

A

breaks don hylauronic acid, the intercellular cement

66
Q

what do coagulases do?

A

causes fibrin formation to protect bacteria from host’s defense

67
Q

what do strptokinases do?

A

dissolves fibrin (blood) clot formed to isolate pathogens

68
Q

what is toxigenicity?

A

capacity of bacteria to produce toxin

69
Q

what type of bacteria produce exotoxins?

A

both gram positive and gram negative bacteria

70
Q

what type of bacteria product endotoxins?

A

only gram negative

71
Q

what are the characteristics of exotoxins?

A

proteins and many have enzyme activity

72
Q

what are antitoxins?

A

antibodies against toxins

73
Q

what are toxoids?

A

inactivated toxins

74
Q

what are the 5 mechanisms of action of exotoxins?

A
  • cell membrane disruption
  • protein synthesis inhibitor
  • second messenger pathway disruption
  • superantigens
  • proteases
75
Q

what do hemolysins do?

A

lyse RBC

76
Q

what do leukotoxins do?

A

lyse WBC

77
Q

what do cytotoxins do?

A

lyse any cell

78
Q

how is hemolytic activity determined?

A

by streaking organisms on to blood agar

79
Q

what are two cytotoxic protein synthesis inhibitors?

A

shiga toxins

diphtheria toxins

80
Q

what do superantigens do?

A

activate the immune system and provoke a very intense immune response

  • stimulate proliferation of T cells
  • release cytokines
81
Q

two examples of bacteria that use toxins as proteases

A
  • tetanus toxin from clostridium tetani

- botulinum toxin from clostridium botulinum

82
Q

what type of bacteria produce shiga toxins?

A

Shigella dysenteriae and Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC)

83
Q

how do shiga toxins work?

A

inhibit protein synthesis

84
Q

what animal is a major reservoir for STEC?

A

cattle

85
Q

what do enterotoxins do?

A

affect enterocytes causing massive secretion of fluids (diarrhea)

86
Q

what are two important animal pathogens that produce enterotoxins?

A

E. Coli and Salmonella enterica

87
Q

what do neurotoxins do?

A

block the release of neurotransmitters

88
Q

what are endotoxins?

A

lipopolysaccharides

-part of the outer membrane of gram negative bacteria

89
Q

what is lipid A responsible for in endotoxins?

A

responsible for biological activity

90
Q

what is the polysaccharide responsible for in endotoxins?

A

responsible for antigenicity

91
Q

what do endotoxins do in the bod?

A
  • fever, inflammation, blood, coagulation, hemorrhage, and shock
  • cause release of cytokines in high concentrations
92
Q

what are teh three major effects of endotoxins?

A
  • fever
  • intravascular coagulation
  • shock
93
Q

what is disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)

A
  • activation of blood-clotting proteins, causes formation of blood clots
  • clots block capillary blood flow resulting in decreased blood supply and tissue necrosis
94
Q

what happens in endotoxic shock?

A
  • loss of blood pressure
  • release of TNF
  • TNF damages capillaries causing increased permeability and loss of fluids
95
Q

what are pathogenicity islands?

A

a cluster of multiple genes that code for virulence factors

-absent in nonpathogenic bacteria

Bacteriology (17 decks)

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