bact classification and identification

Question 1

what is taxonomy

Answer 1

science that studies organisms in order to arrange them into groups

Question 2

what is identification

Answer 2

characterizing organism

Question 3

what is classification

Answer 3

arranging organisms into similar or related groups

Question 4

what is nomenclature?

Answer 4

assigning names to organisms

Question 5

define phenotype

Answer 5

specific characteristics displayed by the organism

Question 6

define genotype

Answer 6

genetic info contained in the DNA

Question 7

define evulation

Answer 7

change in a line of descent over time leading to a new species

Question 8

what is phylogeny

Answer 8

study of evolutionary relationship

Question 9

which rRNA is used for bacteria?

Answer 9

16S rRNA

Question 10

which rRNA is used for fungi?

Answer 10

18S rRNA

Question 11

what are firmicutes?

Answer 11

• gram positive
• low GC content
• mycoplasma (no cell wall) : MOLLICUTES

Question 12

what are actinobacteria?

Answer 12

• gram positive

- high GC content

Question 13

what are proteobacteria/

Answer 13

• gram neg

- aerobic or facultative

Question 14

what are bacteriodetes?

Answer 14

• gram negative

- anaerobic

Question 15

what is the order of hierarchy?

Answer 15

• domain
• phylum
• class
• order
• family
• genus
• species

Question 16

what are clones

Answer 16

population of cells derived from a single parent cell

Question 17

what are strains

Answer 17

an isolate

Question 18

what are species

Answer 18

a group of related isolates

Question 19

what are subspecies

Answer 19

strains within a species with some important characteristics

Question 20

what are the two mediums for growing bacteria?

Answer 20

• broth

- solid (agar)

Question 21

what are the two types of dyes added to colorless bacteria?

Answer 21

acidic or basic

Question 22

what charge do bacteria naturally carry?

Answer 22

negative charge - so you use basic dyes more often

Question 23

what are some basic dyes

Answer 23

crystal violet, methylene blue, malachite green, safranin

Question 24

what are the three staining techniques

Answer 24

simple, differential, special

Question 25

what is simple staining

Answer 25

methylene blue, carbol fuchsin, crystal violet, safranin

Question 26

what is differential staining

Answer 26

gram stain and acid-fast

Question 27

what is special staining

Answer 27

stain specific structures

Question 28

what does acid-fast staining diagnose?

Answer 28

mycobacterial infections

Question 29

describe capsules when staining

Answer 29

difficult to stain, hence the background is stained

Question 30

describe spores when staining

Answer 30

requires to heat to make the stains penetrate the thick spore coat

Question 31

describe flagella when staining

Answer 31

too thin, hence the procedure used increases the thickness of the flagella

Question 32

how do you detect enzymes produced?

Answer 32

substrates utilized and products produced

Question 33

what is serology

Answer 33

the study of antigen-antibody reactions

Question 34

how do serology tests work?

Answer 34

they test to detect surface antigens (proteins or polysaccharides) of bacteria using antibodies

Question 35

what are some examples of serological tests

Answer 35

- neutralization - precipitation - agglutination - western blot

Question 36

what is precipitation

Answer 36

interaction of soluble antigen with an antibody

Question 37

what is agglutination?

Answer 37

interaction of particulate antigen with antibody

Question 38

what is passive agglutination

Answer 38

soluble antigen or antibody coated or linked to cells or insoluble particles such as latex,

Question 39

what is western blot used for

Answer 39

identify specific antibodies | -proteins separated by electrophoresis

Question 40

what two dyes are used in fluorescent antibody technique?

Answer 40

- rhomamine: red - fluorescein isothyocynate: yellow-green -Ab are linked to the dye

Question 41

what is PCR

Answer 41

identification of cultivable and uncultivable bacteria | -allows amplification of a piece of DNA or RNA

Question 42

what are the three steps in PCR indentification

Answer 42

- denaturation: separation of strands at 95 C - annealing: binding of primers at 50 C - elongation: synthesis of complementary

Question 43

what is RT-PCR

Answer 43

- real time: immediate visual result - fluorescent labeled primers - quantitative

Question 44

what is categorization of strains within a species?

Answer 44

typing

Question 45

what is biochemical typing?

Answer 45

biotypes vs biovars

Question 46

what is serological typing?

Answer 46

- serotypes vs serovars | - based on antigens

Question 47

what is genetic typing?

Answer 47

based on genetic variation | -genotypes

Question 48

what is virotyping

Answer 48

based on virulence factors | -called pathotypes

Question 49

what is page typing

Answer 49

-based on phage susceptibility

Question 50

what is bacteriocin typing

Answer 50

based on bacteriocin susceptibility

Question 51

what is antibiogram typing

Answer 51

based on antimicrobial susceptibility