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Bacteriology > antimicrobial agents > Flashcards

antimicrobial agents Flashcards

1
Q

what are antimicrobial agents

A

chemicals that are used to prevent or treat infections

  • interfere with the growth of organisms
  • exert selective toxicity
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2
Q

what do antimicrobial agents target?

A
  • cell wall
  • ribosomes
  • enzymes
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3
Q

two things about peniciliin

A
  • alexander fleming (1928)

- antibiosis

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4
Q

what are antibiotics

A

a sustance produced by a microorganism (bacteria or fungi) that interferes with:

  • microbial growth (bacteriostatic)
  • microbial survival (bacteriocidal)
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5
Q

what is a soil bacterium that is filamentous and produces a number of antibiotics?

A

streptomyces sp.

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6
Q

are synthesized antibacterial drugs ‘true; antibiotics?

A

no

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7
Q

what are the 4 uses of antimicrobials in animals?

A
  • therapy
  • prophylaxis (treatment of healthy animals before the onset of disease)
  • metaphylaxis (treatment of clinically healthy animals in a herd AFTER the onset of the disease)
  • growth promotion (improved weight gain and feed efficiency)
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8
Q

what are narrow spectrum antimicrobials?

A

affect gram positive or gram negative bacteria

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9
Q

what are broad spectrum antibiotics?

A

affect gram positive and gram negative, mycoplasma, rickettsia, and chlamydia

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10
Q

what are the three broad spectrum antibiotics?

A
  • fluoroguinolones
  • phenicols
  • tetracyclines
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11
Q

why are some antibiotics narrow and some broad spectrum?

A
  • porins - pore size

- outer membrane - lipophilic antiobiotics will not penetrate

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12
Q

what is the advantage of narrow spectrum antibiotics?

A

selective inhibition

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13
Q

what is the advantage of broad spectrum antibiotics?

A

if the pathogen identity is not know

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14
Q

what is a disadvantage of broad spectrum antibiotics?

A

may inhibit normal flora, which could lead to opportunistic infection (superinfection)

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15
Q

what is the mechanism of action of bactericidas

A

kills bacteria

-MBC: minimum concentration needed to kill

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16
Q

what is the mechanism of action of bacteriostatics

A

inhibits growth

  • host defense could then kill bacteria
  • MIC: minimum concentration needed to inhibit
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17
Q

what does static vs cidal depend on?

A

concentration
-cidal at high and tatic at low
organism
-cidal to one, static to the other

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18
Q

what antimicrobials inhibit cell wall sythesis?

A

-peniciliins, bacteriacinm cephalosporinsm, vancomycin, carbapenams

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19
Q

what are the beta-lactam antibiotics?

A
  • penicillins
  • cephalosporins
  • carbapenams
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20
Q

what are penicillins active against?

A

gram positive bacteria

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21
Q

how do penicillins work?

A

they inhibit the cross-linknig between glycan molecules in the peptidoglycan by binding to transpeptidase

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22
Q

what is transpeptidase aka?

A

penicillin-binding proteins (PBP)

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23
Q

are pencillins produces naturally or semisynthetically?

A

both

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24
Q

what produces natural penicillins?

A

a fungus called penicillium

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25
Q

how do some bacterias break down pencillin?

A

the bacteria produce penicillinase (beta-lactamase) which breaks down the pencillin

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26
Q

what produces cehpalosporins?

A

a fungus called cephalosporium

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27
Q

how do cephalosporins work?

A

they inhibit the cross-linknig between glycan molecules in the peptidoglycan by binding to transpeptidase

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28
Q

what spectrum are semisynthetic cephalosporins?

A

broad spectrum

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29
Q

what is ceftiofur used for?

A

a broad spectrum antibiotic used to treat respiratory infections of cattle, swine, and horses,
-also foot rot in cattle

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30
Q

what is MRSA?

A

-methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus

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31
Q

what is significant about MRSA?

A
  • resistant to all beta-lactams
  • most often skin infections
  • could be zoonotic
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32
Q

what are beta lactamase inhibitors

A

irreversibly bind to beta-lactamases

-either have no or weak antimicrobial activity

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33
Q

what are carbapenams?

A

beta-lactam antibiotics derived from streptomyces spp

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34
Q

what is the spectrum for carbapenams?

A

broad spectrum activity

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35
Q

what is a widely used human medicine to treat multi-drug resistant bacterial infections?

A

carbapenams

36
Q

what are two carbapenams used in small animals (extra label)

A

imipenam and meropenam

37
Q

why is there a worry about resistance to carbapenams?

A

because of production of carbapenamase

38
Q

what produces vancomycin?

A

streptomyces orientalis

39
Q

how does vacomycin work?

A

inhibits cell wall synthesis by blocking cross links

40
Q

what is vancomycin primarily effective against?

A

gram positive bacteria

41
Q

what does vancomycin treat?

A

MRSA infections

42
Q

what are aminoglycosides primarily effective against?

A

gram negative bacteria

43
Q

why doesnt aminoglycosides work against anaerobes?

A

because it requires oxygen transport into the cell

44
Q

aminoglycosides are synergists with what/

A

beta-lactams

45
Q

neomycin is what?

A

an aminoglycosides

46
Q

resistance to what is widespread?

A

streptomycin

47
Q

what is the only aminocylitol used in ver med?

A

spectinomycin

48
Q

what is spectinomycin used for?

A
  • treat upper respiratory infections in catle
  • treat E. coli in pigs
  • avian salmonellosis
49
Q

which macrolides are naturally produced?

A

erythromycin
spiromycin
tylosin

50
Q

what are macrolides primarily effective against?

A

gram positive bacteria

51
Q

what is macrolide resistance caused by?

A

erm class of genes (plasmid or chromosome-mediated)

52
Q

what produces tylosin?

A

streptomyces fradiae

53
Q

what is tylosin used for in swine?

A
  • growth promotion

- prevention and treatment of swine dysentery

54
Q

what is tylosin use for in cattle?

A

-treat pneumonia, foot rot, metritis, pink eye, and mastitis

55
Q

what is tylosin used for in feedlot cattle

A

-included in the feed to prevent liver abscesses

56
Q

how is tilmicosin produced?

A

semisynthetic

57
Q

what product is tilmicosin in?

A

mycotil

58
Q

what is tilmicosin used to treat?

A

repiratory infections in cattle and swine

59
Q

how do you prophylactically treat cattle on arrival to feedlot?

A

single does of tilmicosin

60
Q

what happens if humans take tilmicosin

A

they die

61
Q

what are semisynthetic macrolides?

A
  • azithromycin
  • clarithromycin
  • gamithromycin
  • tulathromycin
  • tildipirosin
  • tylovalosin
62
Q

what product has azithromycin in it?

A

zithromax

63
Q

who is the extra label use for of azithromycin?

A

small animals and horses

64
Q

what product had tulathromycin?

A

draxxin

65
Q

what product had gamithromycin?

A

zactran

66
Q

what product had tildipirosin in it?

A

zuprevo

67
Q

what product has tylvalosin in it?

A

aivlosin

68
Q

what type of spectrum is tylvalosin?

A

broad spectrum

69
Q

what produces tetracyline?

A

strepomyces

70
Q

whawt type of bacteria are tetracycines effective against?

A

gram positive and gram negative bacteria

71
Q

what tetracyclines have longer retention time in the body?

A

doxycycline

minocycline

72
Q

what is a naturally produced phenicol?

A

chloramphenicol

73
Q

what produces chloramphenicol?

A

streptomyces venezuelae

74
Q

what phenicol is a synthetic analog?

A

florfenicol

75
Q

how do phenicols work?

A

they inhibit protein synthesis

76
Q

what kind of spectrum does chloramphenicol have?

A

broad

77
Q

what does chloramphenicol toxicity cause in humans?

A
  • aplastic anemia and neutropenia
  • inhibits protein synthesis in bone marrow cells
  • prohibited in food animals
78
Q

is there resistance to chloraphenicol?

A

yes, by both gram positive and gram negative bacteria

79
Q

what is the synthetic analog of chloramphenicol?

A

florfenicol

80
Q

what kind of spectrum is florfenicol?

A

broad

81
Q

what does florfenicol treat?

A

respiratory infections (Nuflor)

82
Q

what is pleuromutilins used for?

A

active against anaerobes and mycoplasma; primarily in swine

83
Q

how does pleuromutilin work?

A

inhibits protein synthesis

-bacteriostatic

84
Q

what semisynthetic antibiotic is derived from pleuromutilin?

A

tiamulin

85
Q

what animals do you use tiamulin on?

A

pigs - swine dysentery, porcine proliferative enteropathy, mycoplasma pneumonis

Bacteriology (17 decks)

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