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Step 1 High Yield > Bacteria > Flashcards

Bacteria Flashcards

1
Q

What is different about the capsule of Bacillus anthracis?.

A

It contains D-glutamate instead of polysaccharide

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2
Q

Which bacteria stains with PAS?

A

Tropheryma whipplei

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3
Q

What is found in Thayer-Martin media?

A

Vancomycin, Polymixin, and Nystatin

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4
Q

Which bacteria are encapsulated?

A

SHiNE SKiS
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Haemophilus influenzae type B
Neisseria meningitidis
Escheria coli
Salmonella
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Group B Strep

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5
Q

Which bacteria are catalase positive?

A
  • PLACESS for your CATs
    • Pseudomonas
    • Listeria
    • Aspergillus
    • Candida
    • E. Coli
    • S. Aureus
      • Serratia
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6
Q

Which bacteria produces a yellow pigment?

Which produces a red pigment?

A

Yellow: S.Aureus

Red: Serratia marcesens

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7
Q

Where is the gene location in…

Exotoxins?

Endotoxins (Gram negative)?

A
  • Exotoxins: Plasmid or bacteriophage
  • Endotoxins: Bacterial chromosome
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8
Q

Which toxins are ADB ribosylating toxins?

A
  • Diptheria toxin
  • Exotoxin A
  • Shiga toxin
  • Shiga-like toxin (EHEC)
  • Heat labile toxin (ETEC)
  • Cholera toxin
  • Pertussis toxin
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9
Q

What toxins are released by ETEC and what are their functions?

A

Heat labile toxin: Overactivates adenylate cyclase leading to increased cAMP and increased Cl secretion in the gut and H2O efflux

Heat stable toxin: Overactivates guanylate cyclase leading to increased cGMP and decreased resorption of NaCl and H2O in the gut

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10
Q

What toxin is associated with bacillus anthracis? What is its function?

What is characterisitic of bacillus anthracis?

A

Edema factor - mimics adenylate cyclase enzyme and increases cAMP

Black eschar in cutaneous anthrax

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11
Q

What is the function of Streptolysin O from Strep Pyogenes?

A

Protein that degrades cell membrane: Lyses RBCs, contributes to beta hemolysis; antibodies against toxin (ASO) used to diagnose rheumatic fever

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12
Q

What are the functions of Exotoxin A (Strep pyogenes) and Toxic shock syndrome toxin (S. Aureus)?

A

Bring MHCII and TCR in proximity to outside of antigen binding site to cause overwhelming release of IFN-gamma and IL-2

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13
Q

In what populations does strep pneumo cause sepsis?

A

Sickle cell anemia and splenectomy

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14
Q

What are the two types of viridans group streptococci and which makes dextrans that bind to fibrin-platelet aggregates on damaged heart valves?

A

Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sanguinis

S. Sanguinis affects the damaged heart valves

S. Mutans causes dental caries

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15
Q

What are the features of scarlet fever?

A

Scarlet rash with sandpaper-like texture, strawberry tongue, circumoral pallor

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16
Q

What is the classification of bacillus anthracis?

A

Gram positive, spore-forming rod

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17
Q

What is caused by cutaneous anthrax?

What is caused by pulmonary anthrax?

A

Cutaneous: Boil like lesion - ulcer with black eschar

Pulmonary anthrax: Inhalation of spores - flu like symptoms that rapidly progress to fever, pulmonary hemorrhage, mediastinitis, and shock

18
Q

What toxin in bacillus cereus causes nausea and vomiting (within 1-5 hours)?

A

Cereulide

19
Q

How is nocardia treated?

A

Sulfonamides (TMP-SMX)

20
Q

What tests are used to diagnose TB?

A
  • PPD: Positive if current infection, past exposure, or BCG vaccinated
    • Negative is no infection, anergic, or sarcoidoses
  • Interferon-y release assay - more specific test (fewer false positives from BCG vaccination)
21
Q

What is the function of cord factor in TB?

A

Inhibits macrophage maturation and induces release of TNF-α

22
Q

What is the pattern of sensation loss in leprosy?

A

Glove and stocking loss of sensation (skin and superficial nerves)

23
Q

What type of T-cell response occurs in the Lepromatous form? The Tuberculoid form?

A

Lepromatous: HumoralTh2 response

Tuberculoid: Th1 type immune response

24
Q

Which lactose fermenting enteric bacteria is a weak fermenter?

A

Serratia

25
Q

On what agar do lactose fermenters grow as purple/black colonies? (E.Coli grows purple colonies with a green sheen)

A

EMB agar

26
Q

What is Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome?

A

Complication of PID - adhesions in the urinary tract

27
Q

What is tenosynovitis?

A

Associated with N. Gonnorhea - inflammation of the fluid-filled sheath (called the synovium) that surrounds a tendon

28
Q

N. Gonorrhea is often intracllular and found within ________

A

neutrophils

29
Q

What is Waterhouse Friderichsen syndrome?

A

Adrenal gland failure due to bleeding into the adrenal gland (associated with N. Meningitidis)

30
Q

What type of ointment protects neonatal transmission of N. gonorrhoeae?

What medications are given as prophylaxis in close contacts of those with N. Meningitidis?

A
  • What type of ointment protects neonatal transmission of N. gonorrhoeae?
    • Erythromycin ointement
  • What medications are given as prophylaxis in close contacts of those with N. Meningitidis?
    • Rifampin, ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone
31
Q

How do you treat mucosal infections of Haemophilus influenzae?

A

Amoxicillin +/- clavulanate

32
Q

What is hot tub folliculitis?

A

Infection of hair follicle

33
Q

Which E. coli causes invasive dysentery?

A

EIEC

34
Q

Which E. Coli does not produce a toxin but can cause diarrhea in children?

A

EPEC

35
Q

Salmonella causes a monocytic response whereas shigella causes ____ infiltration

A

PMN

36
Q

Leptospira is a _______ found in water contaminated with _______ _______

A

Leptospira is a spirochete found in water contaminated with animal urine

37
Q

Leptospirosis causes flu-like symptoms, jaundice, and _______ with ______ _______

A

Leptospirosis causes flu-like symptoms, jaundice, and photophobia with conjunctival suffusion

38
Q

What is Weil disease (associated with leptospira interrogans)?

A

Severe form with jaundice and azotemia from liver and kidney dysfunction; fever, hemorrhage, and anemia

39
Q

What serologic testing is used for Syphilis?

A

VDRL/RPR (non-specific), and confirm with FTA-ABS

40
Q

Placental transmission of congenital syphilis typically occurs after _______ trimester

A

first

Step 1 High Yield (21 decks)

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