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Human Body Systems > Back and Spinal Cord > Flashcards

Back and Spinal Cord Flashcards

1
Q

Components of vertebral column

A

Cervical (7), thoracic (12), lumbar (5), sacrum (about 5 fused), coccyx (3-4 fused)

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2
Q

Curvatures of spine and direction they curve in

A

2 primary (concave) and 2 secondary (convex)

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3
Q

Is first curvature primary or secondary?

A

secondary

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4
Q

lamina

A

separates traverse from spinous process

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5
Q

How do vertebrae create motion?

A

joints between articular processes

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6
Q

Cervical zygapophysial joint

A

sloped from anterior to posterior

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7
Q

Motions from cervical vertebrae

A

rotation, flexion, and extension

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8
Q

Thoracic zygapophysial joint direction and motion

A

vertical for rotation, flexion, and extension

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9
Q

lumbar zygapophysial joint

A

processes of vertebrae below are wrapping around processes of vertebrae above

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10
Q

What is the lumbar zygapophysial joint important for?

A

Stability

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11
Q

Cervical vertebrae

A

Triangular shaped vertebral canal with small, short vertebral body
Foramen transversarium
Bifurcated spinous process

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12
Q

Foramen transversarium

A

Provides place for vertebral artery to move down only cervical vertebrae

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13
Q

Atlas

A

C1

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14
Q

Axis

A

C2

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15
Q

Axis shape and function

A

50% of rotation in neck from specialized vertebral body (dens) shaped like a tooth

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16
Q

thoracic vertebrae

A

Round vertebral foramen, heart-shaped vertebral body, extra articulations for rib and vertebrae (costovertebral joints)

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17
Q

lumbar vertebrae

A

small triangular foramen and large cylindrical body

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18
Q

Zygapophysial joint

A

synovial joint that connects articular processes and allows or inhibits spinal motion

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19
Q

intervertebral discs

A

Solid joint symphyses that connects adjacent vertebrae and shock absorption

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20
Q

parts of intervertebral discs

A

annulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus

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21
Q

Annulus fibrosus structure and functon

A

Ring of fibrocartilage, Limit rotation between vertebrae

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22
Q

nucleus pulposus structure and functon

A

Gelatinous center, absorbs compression forces

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23
Q

spinal ligaments and location

A

anterior and posterior ligaments, ligamentum flavum, supraspinous ligament, interspinous ligament, and ligamentum nuchae

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24
Q

anterior vertebral ligament

A

courses along vertebral body prevents hyperextension of vertebral column

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25
Q

Posterior vertebral ligament

A

courses along vertebral bodies prevents hyperflexion of the vertebral column

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26
Q

Supraspinous ligament

A

connects adjacent vertebral spines, resists flexion in head

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27
Q

ligamentum nuchae

A

thickened extension of supraspinous and interspinous ligaments resists flexion in head

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28
Q

interspinous ligament

A

between adjacent spinous processes and blends with suprapsinous ligament and ligamentum flava

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29
Q

layers of back

A

superficial (appendicular), intermediate (respiratory), deep intrinsic

30
Q

superficial back muscles

A

Muscles act on scapula and humerus

31
Q

Intermediate respiratory back muscle function

A

Superior: elevates superior ribs
Inferior: depresses inferior ribs

32
Q

Intermediate back muscle innervation

A
  • Superior: anterior rami of upper thoracic spinal n.

* Inferior: anterior rami of lower thoracic spinal n.

33
Q

Intermediate back muscle characteristic

A

serrated edges

34
Q

Deep/intrinsic back muscles

A

Splenius, erector spinae, and transversospinales, all have attachments within the back

35
Q

Splenius capitis attachments

A

Proximal: ligamentum nuchae, spinous processes C7-T4
Distal: mastoid process, skull

36
Q

Splenius capitis innervation

A

Posterior rami of cervical spinal nerves

37
Q

Splenius cervicis innervation

A

Posterior rami of cervical spinal nerves

38
Q

Splenius capitis function

A

Bilaterally: extend head and neck
Unilaterally: ipsilateral rotation of head

39
Q

Splenius cervicis function

A

Bilaterally: extend head and neck
Unilaterally: ipsilateral rotation of head

40
Q

Splenius cervicis attachments

A

proximal: spinous processes T3-T6
Distal: transverse processes C1-C3

41
Q

Erector spinae

A

Iliocostalis, longissimus, and spinalis

42
Q

Iliocostalis attachment and innervation

A

lateral attachment, posterior rami of spinal nerves innervation

43
Q

longissimus attachment and innervation

A

intermediate attachment, posterior rami of spinal nerves innervation

44
Q

Spinalis attachment and innervation

A

medial attachment, posterior rami of spinal nerves innervation

45
Q

Erector spinae (including iliocostalis, longissimus, and spinalis) function

A

Bilateral: extend trunk/spine unilateral: laterally flex trunk

46
Q

Transversospinales groups

A

Semispinalis (superficial), multifidus (intermediate), rotatoes (deepest)

47
Q

transversopinales functions

A

Bilaterally: trunk extension
Unilaterally: contralateral trunk rotation

48
Q

Spinal cord length in adults and in neonates

A

Extends from foramen magnum to L1-L2

Extends to L3-L4 in neonates

49
Q

Conus medullaries

A

cone-shaped distal end of spinal cord

50
Q

Filum terminale

A

extension of pia mater that connects the spinal cord to the coccyx giving tension to stabilize cord

51
Q

Cauda equina

A

extension of lumbar and sacral nerves from spinal cord

52
Q

Spinal cord enlargements and what they supply

A

Cervical (C5-T1): supplies upper extremity

Lumbosacral (L1-S3): supplies lower extremity

53
Q

Structure of meninges

A

Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater

54
Q

Components of pia mater

A

Denticulate ligaments and filum terminale

55
Q

Denticulate ligaments

A

anchor spinal cord to superficial meningeal layers

56
Q

epidural space

A

located between periosteum lining bertebral canal and dura mater

57
Q

Subarachnoid space

A

located between arachnoid mater and pia mater

58
Q

Is there a natural subdural space?

A

NO

59
Q

gray matter in spinal cord location and component

A

cell bodies: longitudinal columns and horns

60
Q

White matter

A

Axons: bundles/tracts

61
Q

Central canal

A

negligible source of CSF

62
Q

Parts of cross section of spinal cord

A

Gray and white matter, sulci/fissures, and central canal

63
Q

Function and location os afferent and efferent nerves

A

SAME DAVE: sensory and dorsal afferent, motor and ventral efferent

64
Q

Spinal nerve

A

both dorsal and ventral roots

65
Q

what happens when spinal nerve splits?

A

splits into ant. And post. Rami that contain both sensor and motor fibers

66
Q

Anterior rami innervates___

A

all muscles except intrinsic back muscles

67
Q

Posterior rami innervates____

A

intrinsic back muscles

68
Q

What is within spinal cord enlargements and what do they turn into?

A

form nerve plexuses that eventually form terminal branches supplying individual muscles or groups

69
Q

spinal roots

A

contain sensory or motor axons, not both

70
Q

Spinal nomenclature

A

spinal nn. C1-C7 named for vertebra below them (causes 8 spinal nerves)
Spinal nn. T1 and caudal named for vertebra above them

71
Q

Anterior spinal artery

A

Branch arising from convergence of vertebral aa.
Travel along anterior median fissure
Supplies anterior 2/3

72
Q

Posterior spinal artery

A

Branches of post. Inf. Cerebellar a.
Travel along posteriolateral sulci
Suplies posterior 1/3

Human Body Systems (17 decks)

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