B7: Non-Communicable Diseases Flashcards
risk factors of disease? (3)
LIFESTYLE
SUBSTANCES present in a person’s body/environment - ionising radiation, UV light, second-hand tobacco smoke
CARCINOGENS - ionising radiation
What is a causal mechanism ?
explains how one factor influences another through biological processes
impact of non-communicate disease? (4)
- cost nations sums of money TO TREAT ppl
- Less money earned if workforce is ill
- global economy suffers if working age populations get ill
- financial cost on wage-earner when they’re sick
what is a benign tumour, how can it cause damage?
Growths of abnormal cells contained in ONE place, usually within a membrane
- Don’t invade other parts of body
- can grow very LARGE , so if it cause PRESSURE/DAMAGE to an organ, it can be LIFE-THREATENING
what is a malignant tumour, how can it cause damage?
growths of abnormal cells that can SPREAD around the body, INVADING healthy tissues
- The initial tumour may split up, releasing SMALL CLUMPS of cells into the bloodstream/lymphatic system
- they circulate/carried to other parts of body where they LODGE IN ANOTHER ORGAN
- they continue UNCONTROLLED DIVISION and form SECONDARY TUMOURS
causes of cancer? (4)
- genetic factors
- mutations
- ionising radiation e.g.
UV light and X-rays - can interrupt cell cycle/ cause tumour to form - virus infections
how can radiotherapy treat cancer/ side effect?
- cancer cells are destroyed by TARGETED DOSES of radiation
- This stops MITOSIS of cancer cells
can damage healthy cells
HOW CAN CHEMOTHERAPY TREAT CANCER?
- chemicals used to either STOP CANCER CELLS INVADING / make them ‘SELF DESTRUCT’
why is smoking harmful?
Nicotine : ADDICTIVE
produces a sense of calm, well being, ‘able to cope’ feeling
However…
CARBON MONOXIDE : - POISONOUS gas in tobacco smoke
- takes up some of oxygen-carrying capacity in your blood
- leading to shortage of 02, breathlessness, maybe death
why are women who are pregnant advised not to smoke/ what does it lead to?
- if mother’s blood carries carbon monoxide, fetus won’t have enough o2 to GROW
LEADS TO…
- premature births
- low birthweight
- stillbirths
Why does the risk of infection increase if you smoke?
the cilia in trachea/bronchi that move mucus, bacteria and dirt away from the lungs are ANAESTHETISED by chemicals in TOBACCO SMOKE.
- this allows dirt/pathogens to get to the lungs
what diseases could TAR lead to and how?
BRONCHITIS ( inflamed/infected bronchi)
COPD - build up of tar, leads to break down of the structure of the alveoli causing Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
- as cilia are anaesthetised toxic particles can enter lungs causing LUNG CANCER - carcinogenic
- reduces SA:V in lungs leading to severe BREATHLESSNESS/DEATH
Effects of smoking on the heart? (4)
- more likely to have CARDIOVASCULAR problems
- narrows BLOOD VESSELS in skin, ageing it- cells that line blood vessel become inlflammed/swollen
- nicotine INCREASE HEART RATE , other chemicals DAMAGE LINING OF ARTERIES
( lead to CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE, bc more risk of clot formation) - mixture of chemicals in cigarette increase BLOOD PRESSURE- heart needs to work harder if coronary arteries are blocked
how do fitter ppl have reduced risk of coronary heart disease?
- regular exercise LOWERS BLOOD CHOLESTEROL levels and helps BALANCE different types of cholesterol
- this reduces risk of fatty deposits building on coronary arteries
what is type 2 diabetes and the risk factors?
When body doesn’t make enough INSULIN to control blood sugar levels/cells stop responding to insulin
risk factors : - age
- genetic factors
- obesity
How does alcohol affect our reactions? (3)
after drinking, ethanol is absorbed into blood from the GUT
- passes easily into body tissues, including the BRAIN
- AFFECTS NERVOUS SYSTEM, making thought processes, reflexes and reactions slower
- affects JUDGEMENT AND SELF CONTROL
how can liver/brain be affected by alcohol? (3)
CIRRHOSIS : destroys liver tissue
active liver cells replaced with SCAR TISSUE THAT CANNOT carry out vital functions
LIVER CANCER : alcohol is a CARCINOGEN
BRAIN DAMAGE: brain becomes SOFT/PULPY that normal brain structures are lost/ can’t function properly
why are women who are pregnant advised not to drink alcohol/ what does it lead to?
alcohol passes across the placenta INTO developing baby
can lead to : MISCARRIAGE
STILL BIRTHS
PREMATURE BIRTHS
LOW BIRTHWEIGHT
FACIAL DEFORMITIES, PROBLEMS WITH TEETH,JAW,HEARING
KIDNEY,LIVER,HEART PROBLEMS
LEARNING/DEVELOPMENT PROBLEMS
Why is radiation dangerous ?
radiation penetrates cells/ damages chromosomes, causing MUTATIONS in the DNA
why is ionising radiation more dangerous when taken in directly?
- breathing in radioactive materials into lungs enable ionising radiation to penetrate DIRECTLY INTO CELLS
sources of ionising radiation? (4)
- UV light from the sun
- radioactive materials in SOIL,WATER, AIR
- medical/dental X-RAYS
- Accidents in NUCLEAR POWER GENERATION
how does cancer arise?
- mutation effect cell cycle
- cause uncontrolled division of cells
- forming tumour
ad and dis of statins?
AD: - lower cholesterol - less fatty deposits - less risk of CHD
- increases LDL cholesterol , which can remove ‘bad’ cholesterol
- better than surgery
DIS : need to be taken for long time to see effects
- mild side effects
- if ppl forget to take, it lowers efficacy
ad/dis of artifical hearts?
AD: prolong life until donor heart ready
- less likely of rejections
- less waiting time
DIS : major surgery - infection/bleeding
- can stop working
- blood doesnt flow efficiently - blood clots - stroke
