B7: Non-Communicable Diseases

Question 1

risk factors of disease? (3)

Answer 1

LIFESTYLE
SUBSTANCES present in a person’s body/environment - ionising radiation, UV light, second-hand tobacco smoke
CARCINOGENS - ionising radiation

Question 2

What is a causal mechanism ?

Answer 2

explains how one factor influences another through biological processes

Question 3

impact of non-communicate disease? (4)

Answer 3

• cost nations sums of money TO TREAT ppl
• Less money earned if workforce is ill
• global economy suffers if working age populations get ill
• financial cost on wage-earner when they’re sick

Question 4

what is a benign tumour, how can it cause damage?

Answer 4

Growths of abnormal cells contained in ONE place, usually within a membrane

• Don’t invade other parts of body
• can grow very LARGE , so if it cause PRESSURE/DAMAGE to an organ, it can be LIFE-THREATENING

Question 5

what is a malignant tumour, how can it cause damage?

Answer 5

growths of abnormal cells that can SPREAD around the body, INVADING healthy tissues

• The initial tumour may split up, releasing SMALL CLUMPS of cells into the bloodstream/lymphatic system
• they circulate/carried to other parts of body where they LODGE IN ANOTHER ORGAN
• they continue UNCONTROLLED DIVISION and form SECONDARY TUMOURS

Question 6

causes of cancer? (4)

Answer 6

• genetic factors
• mutations
• ionising radiation e.g.
  UV light and X-rays - can interrupt cell cycle/ cause tumour to form
• virus infections

Question 7

how can radiotherapy treat cancer/ side effect?

Answer 7

• cancer cells are destroyed by TARGETED DOSES of radiation
• This stops MITOSIS of cancer cells

can damage healthy cells

Question 8

HOW CAN CHEMOTHERAPY TREAT CANCER?

Answer 8

• chemicals used to either STOP CANCER CELLS INVADING / make them ‘SELF DESTRUCT’

Question 9

why is smoking harmful?

Answer 9

Nicotine : ADDICTIVE
produces a sense of calm, well being, ‘able to cope’ feeling
However…
CARBON MONOXIDE : - POISONOUS gas in tobacco smoke
- takes up some of oxygen-carrying capacity in your blood
- leading to shortage of 02, breathlessness, maybe death

Question 10

why are women who are pregnant advised not to smoke/ what does it lead to?

Answer 10

• if mother’s blood carries carbon monoxide, fetus won’t have enough o2 to GROW

LEADS TO…

• premature births
• low birthweight
• stillbirths

Question 11

Why does the risk of infection increase if you smoke?

Answer 11

the cilia in trachea/bronchi that move mucus, bacteria and dirt away from the lungs are ANAESTHETISED by chemicals in TOBACCO SMOKE.
- this allows dirt/pathogens to get to the lungs

Question 12

what diseases could TAR lead to and how?

Answer 12

BRONCHITIS ( inflamed/infected bronchi)
COPD - build up of tar, leads to break down of the structure of the alveoli causing Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
- as cilia are anaesthetised toxic particles can enter lungs causing LUNG CANCER - carcinogenic
- reduces SA:V in lungs leading to severe BREATHLESSNESS/DEATH

Question 13

Effects of smoking on the heart? (4)

Answer 13

• more likely to have CARDIOVASCULAR problems
• narrows BLOOD VESSELS in skin, ageing it- cells that line blood vessel become inlflammed/swollen
• nicotine INCREASE HEART RATE , other chemicals DAMAGE LINING OF ARTERIES
  ( lead to CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE, bc more risk of clot formation)
• mixture of chemicals in cigarette increase BLOOD PRESSURE- heart needs to work harder if coronary arteries are blocked

Question 14

how do fitter ppl have reduced risk of coronary heart disease?

Answer 14

• regular exercise LOWERS BLOOD CHOLESTEROL levels and helps BALANCE different types of cholesterol
• this reduces risk of fatty deposits building on coronary arteries

Question 15

what is type 2 diabetes and the risk factors?

Answer 15

When body doesn’t make enough INSULIN to control blood sugar levels/cells stop responding to insulin
risk factors : - age
- genetic factors
- obesity

Question 16

How does alcohol affect our reactions? (3)

Answer 16

after drinking, ethanol is absorbed into blood from the GUT

• passes easily into body tissues, including the BRAIN
• AFFECTS NERVOUS SYSTEM, making thought processes, reflexes and reactions slower
• affects JUDGEMENT AND SELF CONTROL

Question 17

how can liver/brain be affected by alcohol? (3)

Answer 17

CIRRHOSIS : destroys liver tissue
active liver cells replaced with SCAR TISSUE THAT CANNOT carry out vital functions
LIVER CANCER : alcohol is a CARCINOGEN
BRAIN DAMAGE: brain becomes SOFT/PULPY that normal brain structures are lost/ can’t function properly

Question 18

why are women who are pregnant advised not to drink alcohol/ what does it lead to?

Answer 18

alcohol passes across the placenta INTO developing baby

can lead to : MISCARRIAGE
STILL BIRTHS
PREMATURE BIRTHS
LOW BIRTHWEIGHT
FACIAL DEFORMITIES, PROBLEMS WITH TEETH,JAW,HEARING
KIDNEY,LIVER,HEART PROBLEMS
LEARNING/DEVELOPMENT PROBLEMS

Question 19

Why is radiation dangerous ?

Answer 19

radiation penetrates cells/ damages chromosomes, causing MUTATIONS in the DNA

Question 20

why is ionising radiation more dangerous when taken in directly?

Answer 20

• breathing in radioactive materials into lungs enable ionising radiation to penetrate DIRECTLY INTO CELLS

Question 21

sources of ionising radiation? (4)

Answer 21

• UV light from the sun
• radioactive materials in SOIL,WATER, AIR
• medical/dental X-RAYS
• Accidents in NUCLEAR POWER GENERATION

Question 22

how does cancer arise?

Answer 22

• mutation effect cell cycle
• cause uncontrolled division of cells
• forming tumour

Question 23

ad and dis of statins?

Answer 23

AD: - lower cholesterol - less fatty deposits - less risk of CHD
- increases LDL cholesterol , which can remove ‘bad’ cholesterol
- better than surgery

DIS : need to be taken for long time to see effects
- mild side effects
- if ppl forget to take, it lowers efficacy

Question 24

ad/dis of artifical hearts?

Answer 24

AD: prolong life until donor heart ready
- less likely of rejections
- less waiting time

DIS : major surgery - infection/bleeding
- can stop working
- blood doesnt flow efficiently - blood clots - stroke