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Biology > B1 : Cell structure/Transport > Flashcards

B1 : Cell structure/Transport Flashcards

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1
Q

Formula for magnification.

A

magnification = size of image/size of real object

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2
Q

What structures do only plants have? (3)

A
  • cell wall
  • vacuole
  • chloroplasts
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3
Q

Function of nucleus? (3)

A
  • controls all activities of cell
  • surrounded by nuclear membrane
  • contains genes that carry instructions to make proteins
    These proteins are needed to make new cells/organisms
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4
Q

What is the cytoplasm and the function? (2)

A
  • liquid gel where the organelles are suspended

- it’s where most of chemical reactions needed for life take place

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5
Q

function of cell membrane? (2)

A
  • controls passage of substances like glucose and mineral ions, INTO the cell
  • controls movement of substances like urea/hormones OUT of the cell
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6
Q

What is mitochondria and it’s function? (2)

A
  • structures in cytoplasm

- aerobic respiration takes place and releases energy for cell

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7
Q

function of ribosomes? (1)

A
  • where protein synthesis takes place , making all proteins needed in the cell
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8
Q

What are chloroplasts and where are they found? (2)

A
  • found in all green parts of plants

- contain chlorophyll, which absorbs light so plant can photosynthesise

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9
Q

What is the permanent vacuole and why is it important? (2)

A
  • space in the cytoplasm filled with cel sap
  • this is important for keeping cells rigid to support the plant
  • maintain conc grad
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10
Q

What plant cells DON’T have chloroplasts and why? (2)

A

Root cells because they are underground, so don’t need to photosynthesise.

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11
Q

What are eukaryotic cells?

A

any cell or organism that possesses a clearly defined nucleus.
e.g. animal/plant cells

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12
Q

What are prokaryotic cells?

A

A prokaryote is a unicellular organism/cell that lacks a nuclear membrane-enclosed nucleus.

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13
Q

what do both prokaryotic/eukaryotic cells have in common?

A
  • both have cell membrane

- both have cytoplasm

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14
Q

What are the differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes? (4)

A
  • Eukaryotes have genetic material in nucleus.
  • prokaryotes have genetic material free in cytoplasm.
  • prokaryotes have plasmids
  • prokaryotes don’t have nucleus/mitochondria(not as many structures)
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15
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

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16
Q

what is an example of diffusion in action in the human body?

A

dissolved substances like glucose/gases like O2 and CO2 move in and out of cell by diffusion.

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17
Q

3 WAYS to maximise rate of diffusion and explain how?

A

1) Shorten distance - less distance for substance to travel, so faster
2) Larger surface area - bigger area for diffusion to take place. so more substance moves in at a time - faster
3) Steep concentration gradient - the larger the difference in concentration in 2 areas, the faster it will diffuse.

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18
Q

What is the concentration gradient?

A

The difference between 2 areas of concentration is called the concentration gradient.

19
Q

what is an additional factor that affects the rate of diffusion?

A

Temperature - particles move more quickly when heated so diffused faster

20
Q

what is osmosis?

A

where only water moves across a partially permeable membrane from a dilute solution to a concentrated solution

  • down the concentration grad - high to low
  • passive (doesn’t need energy)
21
Q

What is a partially permeable membrane?

A

They are membranes that only allow particular substances ,e.g. water, to move across them

22
Q

What is active transport?

A

Process of moving substances AGAINST concentration gradient through cell membrane- low to high
- active (needs energy from respiration so cells that carry out active transport have many MITOCHONDRIA)

23
Q

what is meant by a dilute and concentrated solution?

A

dilute means HIGH concentration of water but LOW concentration of salt
concentrated means LOW concentration of water and HIGH concentration of salt.

24
Q

What adaptions do sperm cells have?

A

TAIL - helps movemnt
MITOCHONDRIA- energy for tail to work
ACROSOME - stores digestive enzymes for breaking outer layer of egg
Head which has half no. chromosomes.

25
Q

What adaptions do nerve cells have?

A

DENTRITES - make connections to other cells
AXON- carries nerve impulse from place to place
NERVE ENDINGS/SYNAPSES - pass impulses to another cell

26
Q

What adaptions do muscle cells have?

A

PROTEINS - make fibres to contact
MITOCHONDRIA- transfer energy for chemical reactions
STORES GLYCOGEN - used in cellular respiration

27
Q

What adaptions do root hair cells have?

A

PERMANENT VACUOLE - speeds up movement of water by osmosis, from soil
MITOCHONDRIA - transfer energy for active transport of mineral ions

28
Q

What adaptions do xylem cells have?

A

SPIRALS/RING OF LIGNIN - makes cell strong and withstand pressure of water moving up plant

29
Q

What adaptions do phloem cells have?

A

SIEVE PLATES - allow water carrying dissolved food, to move freely
MITOCHONDRIA - transfer energy needed to move dissolved food up and down plant

30
Q

How much can light and electron microscopes magnify and what is their resolving power?

A

Light - x2000 , revolving power of 200nm

Electron - x2,000,000 , resolving power of 0.2nm

31
Q

What is advantages/disadvantage of electrons/light microscopes?

A

LIGHT - AD - relatively cheap
DIS - magnification is less than electron microscope

ELECTON - AD - give 2D image with very high magnification/resolution
DIS- expensive/ have to be kept in humidity controlled room

32
Q

mm to micrometers

micrometers to nanometers

A 
1mm = 1000um
1um = 1000nm
33
Q

how to calculate magnification ?

A

Magnification = size of image/size of real object

34
Q

Difference between resolution/resolving power?

A

Resolution is the ability to distinguish between 2 seperate points.
Resolving power is the MEASURE of the ability to distinguish 2 separate points.

35
Q

What does it mean to be isotonic?

A

Concentration of solutes in solution is SAME outside and inside the cell.

36
Q

What does it mean to be HYPERTONIC?

A

Concentration of solutes outside cell is HIGHER than inside the cell.

37
Q

What dies it mean to be HYPOTONIC?

A

Concentration of solutes INSIDE cell is HIGHER than outside the cell.

38
Q

What is plasmolysis?

A

If too much water is lost from plant cell by osmosis , the vacuole and cytoplasm shrink and eventually cell membrane pulls away from the cell wall.

39
Q

what are adaptions that make the process of exchange more efficient? (4)

A
  • have large surface area over which exchange can take place
  • have a thin membrane/be thin for short diffusion pathway
  • in animals , have efficient blood supply which moves dissolving substances away from the exchange surfaces and maintains a steep concentration gradient
  • in animals being ventilated (breathing in/out) makes gas exchange more efficient, by maintaining steep concentration gradient
40
Q

Example of an adaption in the human body that help exchange materials (4)

A

1) air is moved in and out of lungs VENTILATING alveoli
BIG SA
GOOD BLOOD SUPPLY for effective gas exchange

2) villi of small intestine
LARGE SA
SHORT DIFF DISTANCE
GOOD BLOOD SUPPLY allow exchange of materials - MAINTAIN CONC GRAD
-small intestine is VERY LONG, increasing time for absorption
- cells have many mitochondria for aerobic respiration for ACTIVE TRANSPORT

41
Q

How do fish exchange oxygen and co2 between their blood and the water they swim in?

A

Gills are made of stacks of thin filaments (increase SA) - all have good blood supply
Fish need constant flow of water over gills to maintain steep concentration gradient for gas exchange
To pump water over gills , have a flap that covers gills called operculum

42
Q

Adaptions that plants have to exchange materials

A

ROOTS - root hair cells have high SA
- Water constantly moves away from roots in transportation stream - maintaining concentration grad

LEAVES - stomata decrease DIFF DISTANCE for co2/o2
- spongy mesophyll cells all air to circulate

43
Q

What are organelles?

A

specialised structures that perform various jobs in cells.

Biology (20 decks)

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