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Biology > B18: Biodiveristy > Flashcards

B18: Biodiveristy Flashcards

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1
Q

biodiversity?

A

variety of different species of organsims on earth/within an ecosystem

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2
Q

how does biodiversity ensure stability of ecosystems?

A

reduces dependency on other organsims for shelter and food

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3
Q

how are human activities reducing biodiversity?

A

population growth means :
- more land used for houses, factroies etc
- more waste
- pollution of water -> more sewage/toxic chemicals pollute water

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4
Q

sources of water pollution?

A

toxic chemicals/pesticides- run off into water sources - lead to death/failure to breed
untreated sewage - sewage is good food for bacteria, so will increase and deplete oxygen levels in water as respire aerobically –> EUTROPHICATION /death of animals
fertilisers - increases algae/water plants so water plants at bottom die bc lack of sunlight

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5
Q

sources of land pollution?

A

toxic chemcials
discarded rubbish - toxic chemicals from rubbish/landfill can go into soil

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6
Q

sources of air pollution?

A

sulfur dioxide/nitrogen oxides - acid rain can damage leaves, flowers
- can make rivers too acidic -> death of aqautic animals

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7
Q

how do humans reduce amount of land available?

A

building, quarrying, farming, dumping waste

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8
Q

what are peat bogs?

A

bogs are areas of land that are waterlogged /acidic
- plants that die dont fully decay due to lack of oxygen
- the partly decomposed plant matter accumilates over time to form peat

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9
Q

why are peat bogs destroyed /impact?

A
  • to be used for farming
  • peat can be used for fuel
  • produce compost to increase food production

IMPACT : CO2 released when peat is burned as fuel

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10
Q

why is deforestation happening in tropical areas?

A
  • provide land for farming cattle/rice fields
  • grow crops for biofuels
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11
Q

consequence of deforestation?

A

extinction/loss of biodiversity
soil erosion - tree roots stabalise soil
- without trees , minerals are unused so washed away into rivers/lakes by rain (leaching)

flooding - topsoil will be loose/unstable so washes away –> increases flooding
CO2

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12
Q

consequences of global warming?

A

Melting ice caps
Rising sea levels
increasing temps –> flooding, drought
increased migration of species
extinction –> decrease biodiversity

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13
Q

positive human interactions with ecosystems?

A
  • maintaining rainforests
  • reducing water pollution
  • preserving areas of scientific interest
  • replanting hedgrows/woodlands
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14
Q

negative interactions with ecosystems?

A
  • production of greenhouse gases
  • so2 from factories –> acid rain
  • chemical from agriculture
  • clearing land to build on
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15
Q

how to reduce our negative impact on ecosystems?

A
  1. breeding programs - stop endangered species from extinction
  2. protect rare habitats - stop extinction of animals in that area/ may have to be regenerated
  3. reintroduction of hedgrows/field margins around land where only 1 type of crop is grown - maintains biodiveristy (provide habitats/ field lines allow wild flwoers/grasses to grow)
  4. reduce deforestation/CO2 emissions- slows down global warming
  5. recycling - reduces land taken up by landfill
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16
Q

trophic levels ?

A

level 1 : PRODUCERS - photsynthetic organisms (plants and alage)
level 2 : PRIMARY CONSUMERS - herbivores
level 3 : SECONDARY CONSUMERS - predators
level 4: TERTIARY CONSUMERS - predators
level 5 : QUATENARY- APEX predators

17
Q

how do decomposers break down organic matter?

A

secrete enzymes
- break food into small soluble food molecules
- these molecules then absorbed by decomposers

18
Q

what is biomass pyramid ?

A

shows relative biomass at each trophic level

19
Q

why is the biomass less as u go up pyramid?

A

not all food consumed is converted to biomass
- some biomass lost in respiration/ urine

20
Q

how is bomass transfered?

A

Primary consumers eat producers , they break down biomass of producer and use the chemical energy to increase/sustain own biomass
- this repeats at every trophic level

21
Q

efficiency of biomass transfer equn?

A

Biomass transferred to next level/biomass available in previous level x 100

22
Q

factors effecting food security?

A

INCREASED BIRTH RATE
CHANGING DIETS
NEW PEST/PATHOGENS - destroy crops
CLIMATE CHANGE - affect food production
CONFLICTS

23
Q

how can efficency of food production be increased ?

A

aim to increase the amount of energy converted into biomasss by restricting energy transfer from animals to environment by:
1. limiting movement - kept in cages
2. controlling temps of surrounding - livestock kept at optimum temp so use less energy regulating body temp
3. fed high protein food to increase growth

24
Q

ethical objections to intensive farming methods?

A
  • disease can spread easily
  • unethical to make animals live in unnatural/uncomfortabe conditions
25
Q

advanatges and disadvatages to modern farming techniques?

A

AD: livestock given antibiotics with food
- growing one type of crop increases yield/profit
- using fertilisers increase plant growth –> increase food yield

DIS : unethical to keep animals confined
- giving livestock antibiotics may cause antibiotic resistance
- growing 1 type of crop decrease biodiviersity
- fertilsers can cause eutrophication

26
Q

how to maintain fish stocks at a level where breeding continues?

A

sustainable fisheries - fisheries where overall population size doesnt decrease
- bc no fish caught doesn’t exceed no. fish born

controlling net size - allow unwanted species to escape in larger net gaps
- juvenile fish can escape so can reach breeding age/produce offspring before caught

fish quotas - limit no./size of fish species that can caught in an area

27
Q

how can Fusarium produce mycoprotein?

A

fungus is grown in aerobic conditions/provided with glucose syrup as food source
- fungus grows and multiplies in fermenter
- fungus is then hervested/purified to produce mycoprotein -> protein suitable for vegs

28
Q

how is biotechnology used to provide sufficient food fro increasing population?

A

Mycoprotein - protein rich products good for vegetarians
GM crops - modified to be resistant to pests/weather –> incresing yield
- modifying them to increase nutritional value

29
Q

Required Practical : decay

A

Place 20cm cubes of fresh milk in 3 beakers
- decide 3 temps you’ll investigate and write in each beaker
Use universal indicator to determine pH of each beaker
- cover each beaker in cling film/ put in water bath to get them to same temp
- universal indicator again for each of the beakers after 24,48,62 hrs

Biology (20 decks)

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